ran black and isort for coherent code formatting

18 files changed, 2389 insertions, 947 deletions

diff --git a/bitsandbytes/__init__.py b/bitsandbytes/__init__.py
index 3c3affa..7ca017d 100644
--- a/bitsandbytes/__init__.py
+++ b/bitsandbytes/__init__.py
@@ -1,16 +1,18 @@
-# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. 
-#   
-# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the 
+# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates.
+#
+# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
 # LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
 
-from .nn import modules
-from .autograd._functions import mm_cublas, bmm_cublas, matmul_cublas, matmul, MatmulLtState
+from .autograd._functions import (MatmulLtState, bmm_cublas, matmul,
+                                  matmul_cublas, mm_cublas)
 from .cextension import COMPILED_WITH_CUDA
+from .nn import modules
 
 if COMPILED_WITH_CUDA:
     from .optim import adam
 
-__pdoc__ = {'libbitsandbytes': False,
-            'optim.optimizer.Optimizer8bit': False,
-            'optim.optimizer.MockArgs': False
-            }
+__pdoc__ = {
+    "libbitsandbytes": False,
+    "optim.optimizer.Optimizer8bit": False,
+    "optim.optimizer.MockArgs": False,
+}
diff --git a/bitsandbytes/autograd/_functions.py b/bitsandbytes/autograd/_functions.py
index e641583..a08b560 100644
--- a/bitsandbytes/autograd/_functions.py
+++ b/bitsandbytes/autograd/_functions.py
@@ -1,21 +1,24 @@
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
 import torch
+
 import bitsandbytes as bnb
 import bitsandbytes.functional as F
 
-from dataclasses import dataclass
-
 tensor = torch.Tensor
 
-'''
+"""
     This class pools outlier dimensions across layers.
     This is particularly important for small models where outlier features 
     are less systematic and occur with low frequency.
-'''
+"""
+
+
 class GlobalOutlierPooler(object):
     _instance = None
 
     def __init__(self):
-        raise RuntimeError('Call get_instance() instead')
+        raise RuntimeError("Call get_instance() instead")
 
     def initialize(self):
         self.outliers = set()
@@ -29,25 +32,29 @@ class GlobalOutlierPooler(object):
         return cls._instance
 
     def add_outliers(self, outlier_idx, feature_dim):
-        if self.model_dim is None: self.model_dim = feature_dim
-        if feature_dim != self.model_dim: return # we do not encode outliers for the 2nd FFN layer
+        if self.model_dim is None:
+            self.model_dim = feature_dim
+        if feature_dim != self.model_dim:
+            return  # we do not encode outliers for the 2nd FFN layer
 
         self.outliers.update(outlier_idx.tolist())
 
     def get_current_outlier_idx(self):
         return torch.Tensor(list(self.outliers)).to(torch.int64)
 
-class MatMul8bit(torch.autograd.Function):
 
+class MatMul8bit(torch.autograd.Function):
     @staticmethod
-    def forward(ctx, A, B, out=None, quant_type='vector', precision=[8, 8, 8]):
+    def forward(ctx, A, B, out=None, quant_type="vector", precision=[8, 8, 8]):
 
         if precision[0] != 8:
             with torch.no_grad():
                 output = torch.matmul(A, B)
         else:
-            if len(B.shape) == 2: dim = 0
-            else: dim = 1
+            if len(B.shape) == 2:
+                dim = 0
+            else:
+                dim = 1
             qA, SA = F.vectorwise_quant(A, dim=-1, quant_type=quant_type)
             qB, SB = F.vectorwise_quant(B, dim=dim, quant_type=quant_type)
             iout = F.igemm(qA, qB)
@@ -84,21 +91,41 @@ class MatMul8bit(torch.autograd.Function):
             else:
                 if len(B.shape) == 2 and len(A.shape) == 3:
                     grad_output = grad_output.contiguous()
-                    if not grad_output.is_contiguous(): grad_output.contiguous()
-                    qgrad_output, S1 = F.vectorwise_quant(grad_output.view(-1, grad_output.shape[2]), dim=0, quant_type=quant_type)
-                    if not A.is_contiguous(): A = A.contiguous()
-                    qA, S2 = F.vectorwise_quant(A.view(-1, A.shape[2]), dim=0, quant_type=quant_type)
+                    if not grad_output.is_contiguous():
+                        grad_output.contiguous()
+                    qgrad_output, S1 = F.vectorwise_quant(
+                        grad_output.view(-1, grad_output.shape[2]),
+                        dim=0,
+                        quant_type=quant_type,
+                    )
+                    if not A.is_contiguous():
+                        A = A.contiguous()
+                    qA, S2 = F.vectorwise_quant(
+                        A.view(-1, A.shape[2]), dim=0, quant_type=quant_type
+                    )
                     igrad_B = F.igemm(qA.t(), qgrad_output)
-                    grad_B = F.vectorwise_mm_dequant(igrad_B, S2.t(), S1, grad_output.dtype, quant_type)
+                    grad_B = F.vectorwise_mm_dequant(
+                        igrad_B, S2.t(), S1, grad_output.dtype, quant_type
+                    )
                 else:
-                    qgrad_output, S1 = F.vectorwise_quant(grad_output, dim=dims, quant_type=quant_type)
+                    qgrad_output, S1 = F.vectorwise_quant(
+                        grad_output, dim=dims, quant_type=quant_type
+                    )
                     qA, S2 = F.vectorwise_quant(A, dim=dims, quant_type=quant_type)
                     igrad_B = F.igemm(qA.permute(permute_dim), qgrad_output)
-                    grad_B = F.vectorwise_mm_dequant(igrad_B, S2.permute(permute_dim), S1, grad_output.dtype, quant_type)
+                    grad_B = F.vectorwise_mm_dequant(
+                        igrad_B,
+                        S2.permute(permute_dim),
+                        S1,
+                        grad_output.dtype,
+                        quant_type,
+                    )
 
         if A.requires_grad:
-            if len(grad_output.shape) == 3: dims = [2]
-            else: dims = [1]
+            if len(grad_output.shape) == 3:
+                dims = [2]
+            else:
+                dims = [1]
 
             if len(B.shape) == 3:
                 # bio -> boi
@@ -113,10 +140,14 @@ class MatMul8bit(torch.autograd.Function):
                 with torch.no_grad():
                     grad_A = torch.matmul(grad_output, B.permute(permute_dim))
             else:
-                qgrad_output, S1 = F.vectorwise_quant(grad_output, dim=dims, quant_type=quant_type)
+                qgrad_output, S1 = F.vectorwise_quant(
+                    grad_output, dim=dims, quant_type=quant_type
+                )
                 qB, S3 = F.vectorwise_quant(B, dim=dim_B, quant_type=quant_type)
                 igrad_A = F.igemm(qgrad_output, qB.permute(permute_dim))
-                grad_A = F.vectorwise_mm_dequant(igrad_A, S1, S3.permute(permute_dim), grad_output.dtype, quant_type)
+                grad_A = F.vectorwise_mm_dequant(
+                    igrad_A, S1, S3.permute(permute_dim), grad_output.dtype, quant_type
+                )
 
         return grad_A, grad_B, None, None, None
 
@@ -125,6 +156,7 @@ mm_cublas = MatMul8bit.apply
 bmm_cublas = MatMul8bit.apply
 matmul_cublas = MatMul8bit.apply
 
+
 @dataclass
 class MatmulLtState:
     CB = None
@@ -159,7 +191,6 @@ class MatmulLtState:
 
 
 class MatMul8bitLt(torch.autograd.Function):
-
     @staticmethod
     def forward(ctx, A, B, out=None, state=MatmulLtState()):
         # 1. Quantize A
@@ -171,11 +202,15 @@ class MatMul8bitLt(torch.autograd.Function):
         requires_gradB = B.requires_grad
         formatB = state.formatB
         input_shape = A.shape
-        if state.outlier_pool is None: state.outlier_pool = GlobalOutlierPooler.get_instance()
-        assert A.dtype == torch.float16, f'The input data type needs to be fp16 but {A.dtype} was found!'
+        if state.outlier_pool is None:
+            state.outlier_pool = GlobalOutlierPooler.get_instance()
+        assert (
+            A.dtype == torch.float16
+        ), f"The input data type needs to be fp16 but {A.dtype} was found!"
 
         # 1. Quantize A
-        if len(A.shape) == 3: A = A.view(-1, A.shape[-1]).contiguous()
+        if len(A.shape) == 3:
+            A = A.view(-1, A.shape[-1]).contiguous()
         CA, CAt, SCA, SCAt, coo_tensorA = F.double_quant(A, threshold=state.threshold)
 
         if state.threshold > 0.0 and coo_tensorA is not None:
@@ -191,8 +226,8 @@ class MatMul8bitLt(torch.autograd.Function):
                     # B in in 8-bit row-major, we can transform it back to 16-bit to extract outlier dimensions
                     # we also need to convert it to the turing/ampere format
                     state.CxB, state.SB = F.transform(state.CB, to_order=formatB)
-                    #state.B = (state.CB.float()*(state.SCB.view(-1, 1)/127)).half()
-                #if state.threshold > 0.0 and coo_tensorA is not None and state.idx is None and state.CB is not None:
+                    # state.B = (state.CB.float()*(state.SCB.view(-1, 1)/127)).half()
+                # if state.threshold > 0.0 and coo_tensorA is not None and state.idx is None and state.CB is not None:
                 #    # generate outlier index and subB
                 #    outlier_idx = torch.unique(coo_tensorA.colidx).long()
                 #    state.outlier_pool.add_outliers(outlier_idx, A.shape[-1])
@@ -203,24 +238,24 @@ class MatMul8bitLt(torch.autograd.Function):
                 #        state.idx = outlier_idx
                 #    state.subB = (state.CB[:, state.idx].float().t().contiguous()*(state.SCB/127)).half()
 
-                #if state.idx is not None:
+                # if state.idx is not None:
                 #    # extract outliers
                 #    CA[:, state.idx] = 0
                 #    CAt[:, state.idx] = 0
                 #    subA = A[:, state.idx]
-                #else:
+                # else:
                 #    subA = None
         else:
             if not state.has_fp16_weights and state.CxB is None:
                 state.CxB, state.SB = F.transform(state.CB, to_order=formatB)
             subA = None
 
-
         # 2. Quantize B
         if state.has_fp16_weights:
-            has_grad = (True if (getattr(B, 'grad', None) is not None) else False)
+            has_grad = True if (getattr(B, "grad", None) is not None) else False
             is_transposed = not B.is_contiguous() and B.shape[0] == B.stride(1)
-            if is_transposed: B = B.contiguous()
+            if is_transposed:
+                B = B.contiguous()
 
             if (state.is_training and not has_grad) or state.CxB is None:
                 state.reset_grads()
@@ -234,14 +269,16 @@ class MatMul8bitLt(torch.autograd.Function):
 
             outlier_idx = torch.unique(coo_tensorA.colidx)
             state.idx = outlier_idx
-            #state.outlier_pool.add_outliers(outlier_idx, A.shape[-1])
-            #if state.use_pool and state.outlier_pool.model_dim == A.shape[-1]:
+            # state.outlier_pool.add_outliers(outlier_idx, A.shape[-1])
+            # if state.use_pool and state.outlier_pool.model_dim == A.shape[-1]:
             #    # do not use pool for 2nd FFN layer
             #    state.idx = state.outlier_pool.get_current_outlier_idx().to(A.device)
-            #else:
+            # else:
             #    state.idx = outlier_idx
             outliers = F.extract_outliers(state.CxB, state.SB, state.idx.int())
-            state.subB = (outliers*state.SCB.view(-1, 1)/127.0).t().contiguous().half()
+            state.subB = (
+                (outliers * state.SCB.view(-1, 1) / 127.0).t().contiguous().half()
+            )
             CA[:, state.idx.long()] = 0
             CAt[:, state.idx.long()] = 0
             subA = A[:, state.idx.long()]
@@ -254,7 +291,7 @@ class MatMul8bitLt(torch.autograd.Function):
             output_shape = (input_shape[0], shapeB[0])
 
         # 3. Matmul
-        C32A, SA = F.transform(CA, 'col32')
+        C32A, SA = F.transform(CA, "col32")
         out32, Sout32 = F.igemmlt(C32A, state.CxB, SA, state.SB)
         output = F.mm_dequant(out32, Sout32, SCA, state.SCB)
 
@@ -277,7 +314,7 @@ class MatMul8bitLt(torch.autograd.Function):
             ctx.tensor_states = (None, None)
             ctx.save_for_backward(None, None)
 
-        #clone_func = torch.clone if len(output_shape) == 3 else lambda x : x
+        # clone_func = torch.clone if len(output_shape) == 3 else lambda x : x
         clone_func = torch.clone
         return clone_func(output.view(output_shape))
 
@@ -288,7 +325,7 @@ class MatMul8bitLt(torch.autograd.Function):
         SCAt, idx = ctx.tensor_states
         formatB = ctx.formatB
         state = ctx.state
-        assert state.has_fp16_weights, 'Backprop only supported for fp16 weights.'
+        assert state.has_fp16_weights, "Backprop only supported for fp16 weights."
 
         if len(grad_output.shape) == 3:
             grad_output = grad_output.view(-1, grad_output.shape[-1]).contiguous()
@@ -298,18 +335,22 @@ class MatMul8bitLt(torch.autograd.Function):
         Cgrad, Cgradt, SCgrad, SCgradt, coo_tensor = F.double_quant(grad_output)
         if req_gradB:
             CxAt, SAt = F.transform(CAt, formatB, transpose=True)
-            C32grad, Sgrad = F.transform(Cgradt, 'col32', transpose=True)
+            C32grad, Sgrad = F.transform(Cgradt, "col32", transpose=True)
             gradB32, SgradB32 = F.igemmlt(C32grad, CxAt, Sgrad, SAt)
             grad_B = F.mm_dequant(gradB32, SgradB32, SCgradt, SCAt)
             if state.threshold > 0.0 and subA is not None:
                 grad_B[:, idx] += torch.matmul(grad_output.t(), subA)
 
         if req_gradA:
-            C32grad, Sgrad = F.transform(Cgrad, 'col32')
+            C32grad, Sgrad = F.transform(Cgrad, "col32")
             if state.CxBt is None:
-                state.CxBt, state.SBt = F.transform(state.CBt, to_order=formatB, transpose=True)
+                state.CxBt, state.SBt = F.transform(
+                    state.CBt, to_order=formatB, transpose=True
+                )
             gradA32, SgradA32 = F.igemmlt(C32grad, state.CxBt, Sgrad, state.SBt)
-            grad_A = F.mm_dequant(gradA32, SgradA32, SCgrad, state.SCBt).view(ctx.grad_shape)
+            grad_A = F.mm_dequant(gradA32, SgradA32, SCgrad, state.SCBt).view(
+                ctx.grad_shape
+            )
 
         return grad_A, grad_B, None, None, None, None, None
 
@@ -317,9 +358,10 @@ class MatMul8bitLt(torch.autograd.Function):
 matmul = MatMul8bitLt.apply
 
 
-def matmul(A : tensor, B : tensor, out : tensor=None, state : MatmulLtState = None, threshold=0.0):
+def matmul(
+    A: tensor, B: tensor, out: tensor = None, state: MatmulLtState = None, threshold=0.0
+):
     state = state or MatmulLtState()
     if threshold > 0.0:
         state.threshold = threshold
     return MatMul8bitLt.apply(A, B, out, state)
-
diff --git a/bitsandbytes/cextension.py b/bitsandbytes/cextension.py
index 4bc7bf7..bc11474 100644
--- a/bitsandbytes/cextension.py
+++ b/bitsandbytes/cextension.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import ctypes as ct
 import os
 from warnings import warn
+
 from bitsandbytes.cuda_setup import evaluate_cuda_setup
 
 
@@ -8,17 +9,21 @@ class CUDALibrary_Singleton(object):
     _instance = None
 
     def __init__(self):
-        raise RuntimeError('Call get_instance() instead')
+        raise RuntimeError("Call get_instance() instead")
 
     def initialize(self):
         self.context = {}
         binary_name = evaluate_cuda_setup()
-        if not os.path.exists(os.path.dirname(__file__) + f'/{binary_name}'):
-            print(f'TODO: compile library for specific version: {binary_name}')
-            print('defaulting to libbitsandbytes.so')
-            self.lib = ct.cdll.LoadLibrary(os.path.dirname(__file__) + '/libbitsandbytes.so')
+        if not os.path.exists(os.path.dirname(__file__) + f"/{binary_name}"):
+            print(f"TODO: compile library for specific version: {binary_name}")
+            print("defaulting to libbitsandbytes.so")
+            self.lib = ct.cdll.LoadLibrary(
+                os.path.dirname(__file__) + "/libbitsandbytes.so"
+            )
         else:
-            self.lib = ct.cdll.LoadLibrary(os.path.dirname(__file__) + f'/{binary_name}')
+            self.lib = ct.cdll.LoadLibrary(
+                os.path.dirname(__file__) + f"/{binary_name}"
+            )
 
     @classmethod
     def get_instance(cls):
@@ -35,6 +40,8 @@ try:
     lib.get_cusparse.restype = ct.c_void_p
     COMPILED_WITH_CUDA = True
 except AttributeError:
-    warn("The installed version of bitsandbytes was compiled without GPU support. "
-         "8-bit optimizers and GPU quantization are unavailable.")
+    warn(
+        "The installed version of bitsandbytes was compiled without GPU support. "
+        "8-bit optimizers and GPU quantization are unavailable."
+    )
     COMPILED_WITH_CUDA = False
diff --git a/bitsandbytes/cuda_setup.py b/bitsandbytes/cuda_setup.py
index 5ed0c89..0dd53c5 100644
--- a/bitsandbytes/cuda_setup.py
+++ b/bitsandbytes/cuda_setup.py
@@ -18,31 +18,36 @@ evaluation:
         - based on that set the default path
 """
 
+import ctypes
+import shlex
+import subprocess
 from os import environ as env
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Set, Union
-from .utils import warn_of_missing_prerequisite, print_err
 
-import ctypes
-import shlex
-import subprocess
+from .utils import print_err, warn_of_missing_prerequisite
+
 
 def execute_and_return(strCMD):
-    proc = subprocess.Popen(shlex.split(strCMD), stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
+    proc = subprocess.Popen(
+        shlex.split(strCMD), stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE
+    )
     out, err = proc.communicate()
     out, err = out.decode("UTF-8").strip(), err.decode("UTF-8").strip()
     return out, err
 
+
 def check_cuda_result(cuda, result_val):
     if result_val != 0:
         cuda.cuGetErrorString(result_val, ctypes.byref(error_str))
         print(f"Count not initialize CUDA - failure!")
-        raise Exception('CUDA exception!')
+        raise Exception("CUDA exception!")
     return result_val
 
+
 # taken from https://gist.github.com/f0k/63a664160d016a491b2cbea15913d549
 def get_compute_capability():
-    libnames = ('libcuda.so', 'libcuda.dylib', 'cuda.dll')
+    libnames = ("libcuda.so", "libcuda.dylib", "cuda.dll")
     for libname in libnames:
         try:
             cuda = ctypes.CDLL(libname)
@@ -51,8 +56,7 @@ def get_compute_capability():
         else:
             break
     else:
-        raise OSError("could not load any of: " + ' '.join(libnames))
-
+        raise OSError("could not load any of: " + " ".join(libnames))
 
     nGpus = ctypes.c_int()
     cc_major = ctypes.c_int()
@@ -69,39 +73,43 @@ def get_compute_capability():
     ccs = []
     for i in range(nGpus.value):
         result = check_cuda_result(cuda, cuda.cuDeviceGet(ctypes.byref(device), i))
-        result = check_cuda_result(cuda, cuda.cuDeviceComputeCapability(ctypes.byref(cc_major), ctypes.byref(cc_minor), device))
-        ccs.append(f'{cc_major.value}.{cc_minor.value}')
+        result = check_cuda_result(
+            cuda,
+            cuda.cuDeviceComputeCapability(
+                ctypes.byref(cc_major), ctypes.byref(cc_minor), device
+            ),
+        )
+        ccs.append(f"{cc_major.value}.{cc_minor.value}")
 
-    #TODO: handle different compute capabilities; for now, take the max
+    # TODO: handle different compute capabilities; for now, take the max
     ccs.sort()
-    return ccs[-1]
+    # return ccs[-1]
+    return ccs
+
 
 CUDA_RUNTIME_LIB: str = "libcudart.so"
 
+
 def tokenize_paths(paths: str) -> Set[Path]:
-    return {
-        Path(ld_path) for ld_path in paths.split(':')
-        if ld_path
-    }
+    return {Path(ld_path) for ld_path in paths.split(":") if ld_path}
+
 
 def get_cuda_runtime_lib_path(
     # TODO: replace this with logic for all paths in env vars
     LD_LIBRARY_PATH: Union[str, None] = env.get("LD_LIBRARY_PATH")
 ) -> Union[Path, None]:
-    """ # TODO: add doc-string
-    """
+    """# TODO: add doc-string"""
 
     if not LD_LIBRARY_PATH:
         warn_of_missing_prerequisite(
-            'LD_LIBRARY_PATH is completely missing from environment!'
+            "LD_LIBRARY_PATH is completely missing from environment!"
         )
         return None
 
     ld_library_paths: Set[Path] = tokenize_paths(LD_LIBRARY_PATH)
 
-    non_existent_directories: Set[Path]  = {
-        path for path in ld_library_paths
-        if not path.exists()
+    non_existent_directories: Set[Path] = {
+        path for path in ld_library_paths if not path.exists()
     }
 
     if non_existent_directories:
@@ -111,7 +119,8 @@ def get_cuda_runtime_lib_path(
         )
 
     cuda_runtime_libs: Set[Path] = {
-        path / CUDA_RUNTIME_LIB for path in ld_library_paths
+        path / CUDA_RUNTIME_LIB
+        for path in ld_library_paths
         if (path / CUDA_RUNTIME_LIB).is_file()
     } - non_existent_directories
 
@@ -126,26 +135,31 @@ def get_cuda_runtime_lib_path(
     single_cuda_runtime_lib_dir = next(iter(cuda_runtime_libs))
     return single_cuda_runtime_lib_dir
 
+
 def evaluate_cuda_setup():
     cuda_path = get_cuda_runtime_lib_path()
     cc = get_compute_capability()
-    binary_name = 'libbitsandbytes_cpu.so'
+    binary_name = "libbitsandbytes_cpu.so"
 
     if not (has_gpu := bool(cc)):
-        print('WARNING: No GPU detected! Check our CUDA paths. Processing to load CPU-only library...')
+        print(
+            "WARNING: No GPU detected! Check our CUDA paths. Processing to load CPU-only library..."
+        )
         return binary_name
 
-    has_cublaslt = cc in ['7.5', '8.0', '8.6']
+    has_cublaslt = cc in ["7.5", "8.0", "8.6"]
 
-    # TODO: 
+    # TODO:
     # (1) Model missing cases (no CUDA installed by CUDA driver (nvidia-smi accessible)
     # (2) Multiple CUDA versions installed
 
     cuda_home = str(Path(cuda_path).parent.parent)
-    ls_output, err = execute_and_return(f'{cuda_home}/bin/nvcc --version')
-    cuda_version = ls_output.split('\n')[3].split(',')[-1].strip().lower().replace('v', '')
-    major, minor, revision = cuda_version.split('.')
-    cuda_version_string = f'{major}{minor}'
+    ls_output, err = execute_and_return(f"{cuda_home}/bin/nvcc --version")
+    cuda_version = (
+        ls_output.split("\n")[3].split(",")[-1].strip().lower().replace("v", "")
+    )
+    major, minor, revision = cuda_version.split(".")
+    cuda_version_string = f"{major}{minor}"
 
     binary_name = f'libbitsandbytes_cuda{cuda_version_string}_{("cublaslt" if has_cublaslt else "")}.so'
 
diff --git a/bitsandbytes/debug_cli.py b/bitsandbytes/debug_cli.py
index 88307a6..4306bc0 100644
--- a/bitsandbytes/debug_cli.py
+++ b/bitsandbytes/debug_cli.py
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 import typer
 
-
 cli = typer.Typer()
 
 
diff --git a/bitsandbytes/functional.py b/bitsandbytes/functional.py
index ac85f88..2e86958 100644
--- a/bitsandbytes/functional.py
+++ b/bitsandbytes/functional.py
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. 
-#   
-# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the 
+# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates.
+#
+# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
 # LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
 import ctypes as ct
 import random
@@ -9,47 +9,68 @@ from typing import Tuple
 import torch
 from torch import Tensor
 
-from .cextension import lib, COMPILED_WITH_CUDA
+from .cextension import COMPILED_WITH_CUDA, lib
 
 name2qmap = {}
 
 if COMPILED_WITH_CUDA:
-    ''' C FUNCTIONS FOR OPTIMIZERS '''
+    """C FUNCTIONS FOR OPTIMIZERS"""
     str2optimizer32bit = {}
-    str2optimizer32bit['adam'] = (lib.cadam32bit_g32, lib.cadam32bit_g16)
-    str2optimizer32bit['momentum'] = (lib.cmomentum32bit_g32, lib.cmomentum32bit_g16)
-    str2optimizer32bit['rmsprop'] = (lib.crmsprop32bit_g32, lib.crmsprop32bit_g16)
-    str2optimizer32bit['adagrad'] = (lib.cadagrad32bit_g32, lib.cadagrad32bit_g16)
-    str2optimizer32bit['lars'] = (lib.cmomentum32bit_g32, lib.cmomentum32bit_g16)
-    str2optimizer32bit['lamb'] = (lib.cadam32bit_g32, lib.cadam32bit_g16)
+    str2optimizer32bit["adam"] = (lib.cadam32bit_g32, lib.cadam32bit_g16)
+    str2optimizer32bit["momentum"] = (lib.cmomentum32bit_g32, lib.cmomentum32bit_g16)
+    str2optimizer32bit["rmsprop"] = (lib.crmsprop32bit_g32, lib.crmsprop32bit_g16)
+    str2optimizer32bit["adagrad"] = (lib.cadagrad32bit_g32, lib.cadagrad32bit_g16)
+    str2optimizer32bit["lars"] = (lib.cmomentum32bit_g32, lib.cmomentum32bit_g16)
+    str2optimizer32bit["lamb"] = (lib.cadam32bit_g32, lib.cadam32bit_g16)
 
     str2optimizer8bit = {}
-    str2optimizer8bit['adam'] = (lib.cadam_static_8bit_g32, lib.cadam_static_8bit_g16)
-    str2optimizer8bit['momentum'] = (lib.cmomentum_static_8bit_g32, lib.cmomentum_static_8bit_g16)
-    str2optimizer8bit['rmsprop'] = (lib.crmsprop_static_8bit_g32, lib.crmsprop_static_8bit_g16)
-    str2optimizer8bit['lamb'] = (lib.cadam_static_8bit_g32, lib.cadam_static_8bit_g16)
-    str2optimizer8bit['lars'] = (lib.cmomentum_static_8bit_g32, lib.cmomentum_static_8bit_g16)
+    str2optimizer8bit["adam"] = (lib.cadam_static_8bit_g32, lib.cadam_static_8bit_g16)
+    str2optimizer8bit["momentum"] = (
+        lib.cmomentum_static_8bit_g32,
+        lib.cmomentum_static_8bit_g16,
+    )
+    str2optimizer8bit["rmsprop"] = (
+        lib.crmsprop_static_8bit_g32,
+        lib.crmsprop_static_8bit_g16,
+    )
+    str2optimizer8bit["lamb"] = (lib.cadam_static_8bit_g32, lib.cadam_static_8bit_g16)
+    str2optimizer8bit["lars"] = (
+        lib.cmomentum_static_8bit_g32,
+        lib.cmomentum_static_8bit_g16,
+    )
 
     str2optimizer8bit_blockwise = {}
-    str2optimizer8bit_blockwise['adam'] = (lib.cadam_8bit_blockwise_fp32, lib.cadam_8bit_blockwise_fp16)
-    str2optimizer8bit_blockwise['momentum'] = (lib.cmomentum_8bit_blockwise_fp32, lib.cmomentum_8bit_blockwise_fp16)
-    str2optimizer8bit_blockwise['rmsprop'] = (lib.crmsprop_8bit_blockwise_fp32, lib.crmsprop_8bit_blockwise_fp16)
-    str2optimizer8bit_blockwise['adagrad'] = (lib.cadagrad_8bit_blockwise_fp32, lib.cadagrad_8bit_blockwise_fp16)
+    str2optimizer8bit_blockwise["adam"] = (
+        lib.cadam_8bit_blockwise_fp32,
+        lib.cadam_8bit_blockwise_fp16,
+    )
+    str2optimizer8bit_blockwise["momentum"] = (
+        lib.cmomentum_8bit_blockwise_fp32,
+        lib.cmomentum_8bit_blockwise_fp16,
+    )
+    str2optimizer8bit_blockwise["rmsprop"] = (
+        lib.crmsprop_8bit_blockwise_fp32,
+        lib.crmsprop_8bit_blockwise_fp16,
+    )
+    str2optimizer8bit_blockwise["adagrad"] = (
+        lib.cadagrad_8bit_blockwise_fp32,
+        lib.cadagrad_8bit_blockwise_fp16,
+    )
 
 
 class CUBLAS_Context(object):
     _instance = None
 
     def __init__(self):
-        raise RuntimeError('Call get_instance() instead')
+        raise RuntimeError("Call get_instance() instead")
 
     def initialize(self):
         self.context = {}
-        #prev_device = torch.cuda.current_device()
-        #for i in range(torch.cuda.device_count()):
+        # prev_device = torch.cuda.current_device()
+        # for i in range(torch.cuda.device_count()):
         #    torch.cuda.set_device(torch.device('cuda', i))
         #    self.context.append(ct.c_void_p(lib.get_context()))
-        #torch.cuda.set_device(prev_device)
+        # torch.cuda.set_device(prev_device)
 
     @classmethod
     def get_instance(cls):
@@ -66,11 +87,12 @@ class CUBLAS_Context(object):
             torch.cuda.set_device(prev_device)
         return self.context[device.index]
 
+
 class Cusparse_Context(object):
     _instance = None
 
     def __init__(self):
-        raise RuntimeError('Call get_instance() instead')
+        raise RuntimeError("Call get_instance() instead")
 
     def initialize(self):
         self.context = ct.c_void_p(lib.get_cusparse())
@@ -82,14 +104,16 @@ class Cusparse_Context(object):
             cls._instance.initialize()
         return cls._instance
 
+
 def create_linear_map(signed=True):
     if signed:
         return torch.linspace(-1.0, 1.0, 256)
     else:
         return torch.linspace(0.0, 1.0, 256)
 
+
 def create_dynamic_map(signed=True, n=7):
-    '''
+    """
     Creates the dynamic quantiztion map.
 
     The dynamic data type is made up of a dynamic exponent and
@@ -103,46 +127,54 @@ def create_dynamic_map(signed=True, n=7):
 
     For more details see
     (8-Bit Approximations for Parallelism in Deep Learning)[https://arxiv.org/abs/1511.04561]
-    '''
+    """
 
     data = []
     # these are additional items that come from the case
     # where all the exponent bits are zero and no
     # indicator bit is present
-    additional_items = 2**(7-n)-1
-    if not signed: additional_items = 2*additional_items
+    additional_items = 2 ** (7 - n) - 1
+    if not signed:
+        additional_items = 2 * additional_items
     for i in range(n):
-        fraction_items = 2**(i+7-n)+1 if signed else 2**(i+7-n+1)+1
+        fraction_items = 2 ** (i + 7 - n) + 1 if signed else 2 ** (i + 7 - n + 1) + 1
         boundaries = torch.linspace(0.1, 1, fraction_items)
-        means = (boundaries[:-1]+boundaries[1:])/2.0
-        data += ((10**(-(n-1)+i))*means).tolist()
+        means = (boundaries[:-1] + boundaries[1:]) / 2.0
+        data += ((10 ** (-(n - 1) + i)) * means).tolist()
         if signed:
-            data += (-(10**(-(n-1)+i))*means).tolist()
+            data += (-(10 ** (-(n - 1) + i)) * means).tolist()
 
     if additional_items > 0:
-        boundaries = torch.linspace(0.1, 1, additional_items+1)
-        means = (boundaries[:-1]+boundaries[1:])/2.0
-        data += ((10**(-(n-1)+i))*means).tolist()
+        boundaries = torch.linspace(0.1, 1, additional_items + 1)
+        means = (boundaries[:-1] + boundaries[1:]) / 2.0
+        data += ((10 ** (-(n - 1) + i)) * means).tolist()
         if signed:
-            data += (-(10**(-(n-1)+i))*means).tolist()
+            data += (-(10 ** (-(n - 1) + i)) * means).tolist()
 
     data.append(0)
     data.append(1.0)
     data.sort()
     return Tensor(data)
 
+
 def get_special_format_str():
     major, minor = torch.cuda.get_device_capability()
     if major < 7:
-        print(f'Device with CUDA capability of {major} not supported for 8-bit matmul. Device has no tensor cores!')
+        print(
+            f"Device with CUDA capability of {major} not supported for 8-bit matmul. Device has no tensor cores!"
+        )
         assert major >= 7
 
-    if major == 7: return 'col_turing'
-    elif major == 8: return 'col_ampere'
-    else: return 'col_turing'
+    if major == 7:
+        return "col_turing"
+    elif major == 8:
+        return "col_ampere"
+    else:
+        return "col_turing"
+
 
 def get_ptr(A: Tensor) -> ct.c_void_p:
-    '''
+    """
     Get the ctypes pointer from a PyTorch Tensor.
 
     Parameters
@@ -153,31 +185,39 @@ def get_ptr(A: Tensor) -> ct.c_void_p:
     Returns
     -------
     ctypes.c_void_p
-    '''
-    if A is None: return None
-    else: return ct.c_void_p(A.data.storage().data_ptr())
+    """
+    if A is None:
+        return None
+    else:
+        return ct.c_void_p(A.data.storage().data_ptr())
+
 
 def pre_call(device):
     prev_device = torch.cuda.current_device()
     torch.cuda.set_device(device)
     return prev_device
 
+
 def post_call(prev_device):
     torch.cuda.set_device(prev_device)
 
+
 def get_transform_func(dtype, orderA, orderOut, transpose=False):
     name = f'ctransform_{(8 if dtype == torch.int8 else 32)}_{orderA}_to_{orderOut}_{"t" if transpose else "n"}'
     if not hasattr(lib, name):
         print(name)
-        raise ValueError(f'Transform function not supported: {orderA} to {orderOut} for data type {dtype} and transpose={transpose}')
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Transform function not supported: {orderA} to {orderOut} for data type {dtype} and transpose={transpose}"
+        )
     else:
         return getattr(lib, name)
 
+
 class GlobalData(object):
     _instance = None
 
     def __init__(self):
-        raise RuntimeError('Call get_instance() instead')
+        raise RuntimeError("Call get_instance() instead")
 
     def initialize(self):
         self.data = {}
@@ -190,15 +230,17 @@ class GlobalData(object):
         return cls._instance
 
 
-def get_transform_buffer(shape, dtype, device, to_order, from_order='row', transpose=False):
-    #init_func = torch.empty
+def get_transform_buffer(
+    shape, dtype, device, to_order, from_order="row", transpose=False
+):
+    # init_func = torch.empty
     init_func = torch.zeros
     dims = len(shape)
 
     if dims == 2:
         rows = shape[0]
     elif dims == 3:
-        rows = shape[0]*shape[1]
+        rows = shape[0] * shape[1]
     cols = shape[-1]
 
     state = (shape, to_order)
@@ -209,30 +251,39 @@ def get_transform_buffer(shape, dtype, device, to_order, from_order='row', trans
         cols = tmp
         state = (shape[::-1], to_order)
 
-    if to_order == 'row' or to_order == 'col':
+    if to_order == "row" or to_order == "col":
         return init_func(shape, dtype=dtype, device=device), state
-    elif to_order == 'col32':
+    elif to_order == "col32":
         # blocks of 32 columns (padded)
-        cols = 32*((cols+31)//32)
+        cols = 32 * ((cols + 31) // 32)
         return init_func((rows, cols), dtype=dtype, device=device), state
-    elif to_order == 'col_turing':
+    elif to_order == "col_turing":
         # blocks of 32 columns and 8 rows
-        cols = 32*((cols+31)//32)
-        rows = 8*((rows+7)//8)
+        cols = 32 * ((cols + 31) // 32)
+        rows = 8 * ((rows + 7) // 8)
         return init_func((rows, cols), dtype=dtype, device=device), state
-    elif to_order == 'col_ampere':
+    elif to_order == "col_ampere":
         # blocks of 32 columns and 32 rows
-        cols = 32*((cols+31)//32)
-        rows = 32*((rows+31)//32)
+        cols = 32 * ((cols + 31) // 32)
+        rows = 32 * ((rows + 31) // 32)
         return init_func((rows, cols), dtype=dtype, device=device), state
     else:
-        raise NotImplementedError(f'To_order not supported: {to_order}')
+        raise NotImplementedError(f"To_order not supported: {to_order}")
+
 
-def nvidia_transform(A, to_order, from_order='row', out=None, transpose=False, state=None, ld=None):
-    if state is None: state = (A.shape, from_order)
-    else: from_order = state[1]
-    if out is None: out, new_state = get_transform_buffer(state[0], A.dtype, A.device, to_order, state[1])
-    else: new_state = (state[1], to_order)
+def nvidia_transform(
+    A, to_order, from_order="row", out=None, transpose=False, state=None, ld=None
+):
+    if state is None:
+        state = (A.shape, from_order)
+    else:
+        from_order = state[1]
+    if out is None:
+        out, new_state = get_transform_buffer(
+            state[0], A.dtype, A.device, to_order, state[1]
+        )
+    else:
+        new_state = (state[1], to_order)
     func = get_transform_func(A.dtype, from_order, to_order, transpose)
 
     shape = state[0]
@@ -242,10 +293,10 @@ def nvidia_transform(A, to_order, from_order='row', out=None, transpose=False, s
     elif ld is not None:
         n = math.prod(shape)
         dim1 = math.prod([shape[i] for i in ld])
-        dim2 = ct.c_int32(n//dim1)
+        dim2 = ct.c_int32(n // dim1)
         dim1 = ct.c_int32(dim1)
     else:
-        dim1 = ct.c_int32(shape[0]*shape[1])
+        dim1 = ct.c_int32(shape[0] * shape[1])
         dim2 = ct.c_int32(shape[2])
 
     ptr = CUBLAS_Context.get_instance().get_context(A.device)
@@ -253,11 +304,13 @@ def nvidia_transform(A, to_order, from_order='row', out=None, transpose=False, s
     ptrOut = get_ptr(out)
     func(ptr, get_ptr(A), get_ptr(out), dim1, dim2)
 
-
     return out, new_state
 
-def estimate_quantiles(A: Tensor, out: Tensor=None, offset: float=1/512) -> Tensor:
-    '''
+
+def estimate_quantiles(
+    A: Tensor, out: Tensor = None, offset: float = 1 / 512
+) -> Tensor:
+    """
     Estimates 256 equidistant quantiles on the input tensor eCDF.
 
     Uses SRAM-Quantiles algorithm to quickly estimate 256 equidistant quantiles
@@ -282,18 +335,26 @@ def estimate_quantiles(A: Tensor, out: Tensor=None, offset: float=1/512) -> Tens
     -------
     torch.Tensor:
         The 256 quantiles in float32 datatype.
-    '''
-    if out is None: out = torch.zeros((256,), dtype=torch.float32, device=A.device)
+    """
+    if out is None:
+        out = torch.zeros((256,), dtype=torch.float32, device=A.device)
     if A.dtype == torch.float32:
-        lib.cestimate_quantiles_fp32(get_ptr(A), get_ptr(out), ct.c_float(offset), ct.c_int(A.numel()))
+        lib.cestimate_quantiles_fp32(
+            get_ptr(A), get_ptr(out), ct.c_float(offset), ct.c_int(A.numel())
+        )
     elif A.dtype == torch.float16:
-        lib.cestimate_quantiles_fp16(get_ptr(A), get_ptr(out), ct.c_float(offset), ct.c_int(A.numel()))
+        lib.cestimate_quantiles_fp16(
+            get_ptr(A), get_ptr(out), ct.c_float(offset), ct.c_int(A.numel())
+        )
     else:
-        raise NotImplementedError(f'Not supported data type {A.dtype}')
+        raise NotImplementedError(f"Not supported data type {A.dtype}")
     return out
 
-def quantize_blockwise(A: Tensor, code: Tensor=None, absmax: Tensor=None, rand=None, out: Tensor=None) -> Tensor:
-    '''
+
+def quantize_blockwise(
+    A: Tensor, code: Tensor = None, absmax: Tensor = None, rand=None, out: Tensor = None
+) -> Tensor:
+    """
     Quantize tensor A in blocks of size 4096 values.
 
     Quantizes tensor A by dividing it into blocks of 4096 values.
@@ -319,51 +380,96 @@ def quantize_blockwise(A: Tensor, code: Tensor=None, absmax: Tensor=None, rand=N
         The 8-bit tensor.
     tuple(torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor):
         The quantization state to undo the quantization.
-    '''
+    """
 
     if code is None:
-        if 'dynamic' not in name2qmap: name2qmap['dynamic'] = create_dynamic_map().to(A.device)
-        code = name2qmap['dynamic']
+        if "dynamic" not in name2qmap:
+            name2qmap["dynamic"] = create_dynamic_map().to(A.device)
+        code = name2qmap["dynamic"]
         code = code.to(A.device)
 
     if absmax is None:
         n = A.numel()
         num_blocks = 4096
-        blocks = n//num_blocks
+        blocks = n // num_blocks
         blocks += 1 if n % num_blocks > 0 else 0
         absmax = torch.zeros((blocks,), device=A.device)
 
-    if out is None: out = torch.zeros_like(A, dtype=torch.uint8)
+    if out is None:
+        out = torch.zeros_like(A, dtype=torch.uint8)
 
-
-    if A.device.type != 'cpu':
+    if A.device.type != "cpu":
         if rand is not None:
             assert rand.numel() >= 1024
             rand_offset = random.randint(0, 1023)
             if A.dtype == torch.float32:
-                lib.cquantize_blockwise_stochastic_fp32(get_ptr(code), get_ptr(A), get_ptr(absmax), get_ptr(out), get_ptr(rand), ct.c_int32(rand_offset), ct.c_int(A.numel()))
+                lib.cquantize_blockwise_stochastic_fp32(
+                    get_ptr(code),
+                    get_ptr(A),
+                    get_ptr(absmax),
+                    get_ptr(out),
+                    get_ptr(rand),
+                    ct.c_int32(rand_offset),
+                    ct.c_int(A.numel()),
+                )
             elif A.dtype == torch.float16:
-                lib.cquantize_blockwise_stochastic_fp16(get_ptr(code), get_ptr(A), get_ptr(absmax), get_ptr(out), get_ptr(rand), ct.c_int32(rand_offset), ct.c_int(A.numel()))
+                lib.cquantize_blockwise_stochastic_fp16(
+                    get_ptr(code),
+                    get_ptr(A),
+                    get_ptr(absmax),
+                    get_ptr(out),
+                    get_ptr(rand),
+                    ct.c_int32(rand_offset),
+                    ct.c_int(A.numel()),
+                )
             else:
-                raise ValueError(f'Blockwise quantization only supports 16/32-bit floats, but got {A.dtype}')
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"Blockwise quantization only supports 16/32-bit floats, but got {A.dtype}"
+                )
         else:
             if A.dtype == torch.float32:
-                lib.cquantize_blockwise_fp32(get_ptr(code), get_ptr(A), get_ptr(absmax), get_ptr(out), ct.c_int(A.numel()))
+                lib.cquantize_blockwise_fp32(
+                    get_ptr(code),
+                    get_ptr(A),
+                    get_ptr(absmax),
+                    get_ptr(out),
+                    ct.c_int(A.numel()),
+                )
             elif A.dtype == torch.float16:
-                lib.cquantize_blockwise_fp16(get_ptr(code), get_ptr(A), get_ptr(absmax), get_ptr(out), ct.c_int(A.numel()))
+                lib.cquantize_blockwise_fp16(
+                    get_ptr(code),
+                    get_ptr(A),
+                    get_ptr(absmax),
+                    get_ptr(out),
+                    ct.c_int(A.numel()),
+                )
             else:
-                raise ValueError(f'Blockwise quantization only supports 16/32-bit floats, but got {A.dtype}')
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"Blockwise quantization only supports 16/32-bit floats, but got {A.dtype}"
+                )
     else:
         # cpu
         assert rand is None
-        lib.cquantize_blockwise_cpu_fp32(get_ptr(code), get_ptr(A), get_ptr(absmax), get_ptr(out), ct.c_int(A.numel()))
+        lib.cquantize_blockwise_cpu_fp32(
+            get_ptr(code),
+            get_ptr(A),
+            get_ptr(absmax),
+            get_ptr(out),
+            ct.c_int(A.numel()),
+        )
 
     return out, (absmax, code)
 
-def dequantize_blockwise(A: Tensor, quant_state: Tuple[Tensor, Tensor]=None,
-                         absmax: Tensor=None, code: Tensor=None, out: Tensor=None,
-                         blocksize: int=4096) -> Tensor:
-    '''
+
+def dequantize_blockwise(
+    A: Tensor,
+    quant_state: Tuple[Tensor, Tensor] = None,
+    absmax: Tensor = None,
+    code: Tensor = None,
+    out: Tensor = None,
+    blocksize: int = 4096,
+) -> Tensor:
+    """
     Dequantizes blockwise quantized values.
 
     Dequantizes the tensor A with maximum absolute values absmax in
@@ -374,7 +480,7 @@ def dequantize_blockwise(A: Tensor, quant_state: Tuple[Tensor, Tensor]=None,
     A : torch.Tensor
         The input 8-bit tensor.
     quant_state : tuple(torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor)
-        Tuple of code and absmax values. 
+        Tuple of code and absmax values.
     absmax : torch.Tensor
         The absmax values.
     code : torch.Tensor
@@ -387,57 +493,94 @@ def dequantize_blockwise(A: Tensor, quant_state: Tuple[Tensor, Tensor]=None,
     -------
     torch.Tensor:
         Dequantized tensor (default: float32)
-    '''
+    """
     assert quant_state is not None or absmax is not None
     if code is None and quant_state is None:
-        if 'dynamic' not in name2qmap: name2qmap['dynamic'] = create_dynamic_map().to(A.device)
-        code = name2qmap['dynamic']
+        if "dynamic" not in name2qmap:
+            name2qmap["dynamic"] = create_dynamic_map().to(A.device)
+        code = name2qmap["dynamic"]
         code = code.to(A.device)
 
-    if out is None: out = torch.zeros_like(A, dtype=torch.float32)
-    if quant_state is None: quant_state = (absmax, code)
+    if out is None:
+        out = torch.zeros_like(A, dtype=torch.float32)
+    if quant_state is None:
+        quant_state = (absmax, code)
 
     if blocksize not in [2048, 4096]:
-        raise ValueError(f'The blockwise of {blocksize} is not supported. Supported values: [2048 4096]')
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"The blockwise of {blocksize} is not supported. Supported values: [2048 4096]"
+        )
 
-    if A.device.type != 'cpu':
+    if A.device.type != "cpu":
         if out.dtype == torch.float32:
-            lib.cdequantize_blockwise_fp32(get_ptr(quant_state[1]), get_ptr(A), get_ptr(quant_state[0]), get_ptr(out), ct.c_int(blocksize), ct.c_int(A.numel()))
+            lib.cdequantize_blockwise_fp32(
+                get_ptr(quant_state[1]),
+                get_ptr(A),
+                get_ptr(quant_state[0]),
+                get_ptr(out),
+                ct.c_int(blocksize),
+                ct.c_int(A.numel()),
+            )
         elif out.dtype == torch.float16:
-            lib.cdequantize_blockwise_fp16(get_ptr(quant_state[1]), get_ptr(A), get_ptr(quant_state[0]), get_ptr(out), ct.c_int(blocksize), ct.c_int(A.numel()))
+            lib.cdequantize_blockwise_fp16(
+                get_ptr(quant_state[1]),
+                get_ptr(A),
+                get_ptr(quant_state[0]),
+                get_ptr(out),
+                ct.c_int(blocksize),
+                ct.c_int(A.numel()),
+            )
         else:
-            raise ValueError(f'Blockwise quantization only supports 16/32-bit floats, but got {A.dtype}')
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Blockwise quantization only supports 16/32-bit floats, but got {A.dtype}"
+            )
     else:
-        lib.cdequantize_blockwise_cpu_fp32(get_ptr(quant_state[1]), get_ptr(A), get_ptr(quant_state[0]), get_ptr(out), ct.c_int(A.numel()))
-
+        lib.cdequantize_blockwise_cpu_fp32(
+            get_ptr(quant_state[1]),
+            get_ptr(A),
+            get_ptr(quant_state[0]),
+            get_ptr(out),
+            ct.c_int(A.numel()),
+        )
 
     return out
 
 
-def quantize(A: Tensor, code: Tensor=None, out: Tensor=None) -> Tensor:
+def quantize(A: Tensor, code: Tensor = None, out: Tensor = None) -> Tensor:
     if code is None:
-        if 'dynamic' not in name2qmap: name2qmap['dynamic'] = create_dynamic_map().to(A.device)
-        code = name2qmap['dynamic']
+        if "dynamic" not in name2qmap:
+            name2qmap["dynamic"] = create_dynamic_map().to(A.device)
+        code = name2qmap["dynamic"]
         code = code.to(A.device)
 
     absmax = torch.abs(A).max()
-    inp = A/absmax
+    inp = A / absmax
     out = quantize_no_absmax(inp, code, out)
     return out, (absmax, code)
 
-def dequantize(A: Tensor, quant_state: Tuple[Tensor, Tensor]=None, absmax: Tensor=None, code: Tensor=None, out: Tensor=None) -> Tensor:
+
+def dequantize(
+    A: Tensor,
+    quant_state: Tuple[Tensor, Tensor] = None,
+    absmax: Tensor = None,
+    code: Tensor = None,
+    out: Tensor = None,
+) -> Tensor:
     assert quant_state is not None or absmax is not None
     if code is None and quant_state is None:
-        if 'dynamic' not in name2qmap: name2qmap['dynamic'] = create_dynamic_map().to(A.device)
-        code = name2qmap['dynamic']
+        if "dynamic" not in name2qmap:
+            name2qmap["dynamic"] = create_dynamic_map().to(A.device)
+        code = name2qmap["dynamic"]
         code = code.to(A.device)
 
-    if quant_state is None: quant_state = (absmax, code)
+    if quant_state is None:
+        quant_state = (absmax, code)
     out = dequantize_no_absmax(A, quant_state[1], out)
-    return out*quant_state[0]
+    return out * quant_state[0]
 
-def quantize_no_absmax(A: Tensor, code: Tensor, out: Tensor=None) -> Tensor:
-    '''
+
+def quantize_no_absmax(A: Tensor, code: Tensor, out: Tensor = None) -> Tensor:
+    """
     Quantizes input tensor to 8-bit.
 
     Quantizes the 32-bit input tensor `A` to the 8-bit output tensor
@@ -456,13 +599,15 @@ def quantize_no_absmax(A: Tensor, code: Tensor, out: Tensor=None) -> Tensor:
     -------
     torch.Tensor:
         Quantized 8-bit tensor.
-    '''
-    if out is None: out = torch.zeros_like(A, dtype=torch.uint8)
+    """
+    if out is None:
+        out = torch.zeros_like(A, dtype=torch.uint8)
     lib.cquantize(get_ptr(code), get_ptr(A), get_ptr(out), ct.c_int(A.numel()))
     return out
 
-def dequantize_no_absmax(A: Tensor, code: Tensor, out: Tensor=None) -> Tensor:
-    '''
+
+def dequantize_no_absmax(A: Tensor, code: Tensor, out: Tensor = None) -> Tensor:
+    """
     Dequantizes the 8-bit tensor to 32-bit.
 
     Dequantizes the 8-bit tensor `A` to the 32-bit tensor `out` via
@@ -481,17 +626,31 @@ def dequantize_no_absmax(A: Tensor, code: Tensor, out: Tensor=None) -> Tensor:
     -------
     torch.Tensor:
         32-bit output tensor.
-    '''
-    if out is None: out = torch.zeros_like(A, dtype=torch.float32)
+    """
+    if out is None:
+        out = torch.zeros_like(A, dtype=torch.float32)
     lib.cdequantize(get_ptr(code), get_ptr(A), get_ptr(out), ct.c_int(A.numel()))
     return out
 
-def optimizer_update_32bit(optimizer_name:str, g: Tensor, p: Tensor, state1: Tensor,
-                beta1: float, eps: float, step: int, lr: float,
-                state2: Tensor=None, beta2: float=0.0,
-                weight_decay: float=0.0, gnorm_scale: float=1.0,
-                unorm_vec: Tensor=None, max_unorm: float=0.0, skip_zeros=False) -> None:
-    '''
+
+def optimizer_update_32bit(
+    optimizer_name: str,
+    g: Tensor,
+    p: Tensor,
+    state1: Tensor,
+    beta1: float,
+    eps: float,
+    step: int,
+    lr: float,
+    state2: Tensor = None,
+    beta2: float = 0.0,
+    weight_decay: float = 0.0,
+    gnorm_scale: float = 1.0,
+    unorm_vec: Tensor = None,
+    max_unorm: float = 0.0,
+    skip_zeros=False,
+) -> None:
+    """
     Performs an inplace optimizer update with one or two optimizer states.
 
     Universal optimizer update for 32-bit state and 32/16-bit gradients/weights.
@@ -528,33 +687,84 @@ def optimizer_update_32bit(optimizer_name:str, g: Tensor, p: Tensor, state1: Ten
         The maximum update norm relative to the weight norm.
     skip_zeros : bool
         Whether to skip zero-valued gradients or not (default: False).
-    '''
+    """
 
     param_norm = 0.0
     if max_unorm > 0.0:
         param_norm = torch.norm(p.data.float())
 
     if optimizer_name not in str2optimizer32bit:
-        raise NotImplementedError(f'Optimizer not implemented: {optimizer_name}. Choices: {",".join(str2optimizer32bit.keys())}')
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            f'Optimizer not implemented: {optimizer_name}. Choices: {",".join(str2optimizer32bit.keys())}'
+        )
 
     if g.dtype == torch.float32 and state1.dtype == torch.float32:
-        str2optimizer32bit[optimizer_name][0](get_ptr(g), get_ptr(p), get_ptr(state1), get_ptr(state2), get_ptr(unorm_vec), ct.c_float(max_unorm),
-                    ct.c_float(param_norm), ct.c_float(beta1), ct.c_float(beta2), ct.c_float(eps), ct.c_float(weight_decay),
-                    ct.c_int32(step), ct.c_float(lr), ct.c_float(gnorm_scale), ct.c_bool(skip_zeros), ct.c_int32(g.numel()))
+        str2optimizer32bit[optimizer_name][0](
+            get_ptr(g),
+            get_ptr(p),
+            get_ptr(state1),
+            get_ptr(state2),
+            get_ptr(unorm_vec),
+            ct.c_float(max_unorm),
+            ct.c_float(param_norm),
+            ct.c_float(beta1),
+            ct.c_float(beta2),
+            ct.c_float(eps),
+            ct.c_float(weight_decay),
+            ct.c_int32(step),
+            ct.c_float(lr),
+            ct.c_float(gnorm_scale),
+            ct.c_bool(skip_zeros),
+            ct.c_int32(g.numel()),
+        )
     elif g.dtype == torch.float16 and state1.dtype == torch.float32:
-        str2optimizer32bit[optimizer_name][1](get_ptr(g), get_ptr(p), get_ptr(state1), get_ptr(state2), get_ptr(unorm_vec), ct.c_float(max_unorm),
-                    ct.c_float(param_norm), ct.c_float(beta1), ct.c_float(beta2), ct.c_float(eps), ct.c_float(weight_decay),
-                    ct.c_int32(step), ct.c_float(lr), ct.c_float(gnorm_scale), ct.c_bool(skip_zeros), ct.c_int32(g.numel()))
+        str2optimizer32bit[optimizer_name][1](
+            get_ptr(g),
+            get_ptr(p),
+            get_ptr(state1),
+            get_ptr(state2),
+            get_ptr(unorm_vec),
+            ct.c_float(max_unorm),
+            ct.c_float(param_norm),
+            ct.c_float(beta1),
+            ct.c_float(beta2),
+            ct.c_float(eps),
+            ct.c_float(weight_decay),
+            ct.c_int32(step),
+            ct.c_float(lr),
+            ct.c_float(gnorm_scale),
+            ct.c_bool(skip_zeros),
+            ct.c_int32(g.numel()),
+        )
     else:
-        raise ValueError(f'Gradient+optimizer bit data type combination not supported: grad {g.dtype}, optimizer {state1.dtype}')
-
-def optimizer_update_8bit(optimizer_name: str, g: Tensor, p: Tensor, state1: Tensor, state2: Tensor,
-                beta1: float, beta2: float, eps: float,
-                step: int, lr: float, qmap1: Tensor, qmap2: Tensor,
-                max1: Tensor, max2: Tensor, new_max1: Tensor, new_max2: Tensor,
-                weight_decay: float=0.0, gnorm_scale: float=1.0,
-                unorm_vec: Tensor=None, max_unorm: float=0.0) -> None:
-    '''
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Gradient+optimizer bit data type combination not supported: grad {g.dtype}, optimizer {state1.dtype}"
+        )
+
+
+def optimizer_update_8bit(
+    optimizer_name: str,
+    g: Tensor,
+    p: Tensor,
+    state1: Tensor,
+    state2: Tensor,
+    beta1: float,
+    beta2: float,
+    eps: float,
+    step: int,
+    lr: float,
+    qmap1: Tensor,
+    qmap2: Tensor,
+    max1: Tensor,
+    max2: Tensor,
+    new_max1: Tensor,
+    new_max2: Tensor,
+    weight_decay: float = 0.0,
+    gnorm_scale: float = 1.0,
+    unorm_vec: Tensor = None,
+    max_unorm: float = 0.0,
+) -> None:
+    """
     Performs an inplace Adam update.
 
     Universal Adam update for 32/8-bit state and 32/16-bit gradients/weights.
@@ -602,56 +812,135 @@ def optimizer_update_8bit(optimizer_name: str, g: Tensor, p: Tensor, state1: Ten
         The tensor for the update norm.
     max_unorm : float
         The maximum update norm relative to the weight norm.
-    '''
+    """
 
     param_norm = 0.0
     if max_unorm > 0.0:
         param_norm = torch.norm(p.data.float())
 
     if g.dtype == torch.float32 and state1.dtype == torch.uint8:
-        str2optimizer8bit[optimizer_name][0](get_ptr(p), get_ptr(g), get_ptr(state1), get_ptr(state2),
-                    get_ptr(unorm_vec), ct.c_float(max_unorm), ct.c_float(param_norm),
-                    ct.c_float(beta1), ct.c_float(beta2), ct.c_float(eps),
-                    ct.c_int32(step), ct.c_float(lr),
-                    get_ptr(qmap1), get_ptr(qmap2),
-                    get_ptr(max1), get_ptr(max2), get_ptr(new_max1), get_ptr(new_max2),
-                    ct.c_float(weight_decay),ct.c_float(gnorm_scale), ct.c_int32(g.numel()))
+        str2optimizer8bit[optimizer_name][0](
+            get_ptr(p),
+            get_ptr(g),
+            get_ptr(state1),
+            get_ptr(state2),
+            get_ptr(unorm_vec),
+            ct.c_float(max_unorm),
+            ct.c_float(param_norm),
+            ct.c_float(beta1),
+            ct.c_float(beta2),
+            ct.c_float(eps),
+            ct.c_int32(step),
+            ct.c_float(lr),
+            get_ptr(qmap1),
+            get_ptr(qmap2),
+            get_ptr(max1),
+            get_ptr(max2),
+            get_ptr(new_max1),
+            get_ptr(new_max2),
+            ct.c_float(weight_decay),
+            ct.c_float(gnorm_scale),
+            ct.c_int32(g.numel()),
+        )
     elif g.dtype == torch.float16 and state1.dtype == torch.uint8:
-        str2optimizer8bit[optimizer_name][1](get_ptr(p), get_ptr(g), get_ptr(state1), get_ptr(state2),
-                    get_ptr(unorm_vec), ct.c_float(max_unorm), ct.c_float(param_norm),
-                    ct.c_float(beta1), ct.c_float(beta2), ct.c_float(eps),
-                    ct.c_int32(step), ct.c_float(lr),
-                    get_ptr(qmap1), get_ptr(qmap2),
-                    get_ptr(max1), get_ptr(max2), get_ptr(new_max1), get_ptr(new_max2),
-                    ct.c_float(weight_decay),ct.c_float(gnorm_scale), ct.c_int32(g.numel()))
+        str2optimizer8bit[optimizer_name][1](
+            get_ptr(p),
+            get_ptr(g),
+            get_ptr(state1),
+            get_ptr(state2),
+            get_ptr(unorm_vec),
+            ct.c_float(max_unorm),
+            ct.c_float(param_norm),
+            ct.c_float(beta1),
+            ct.c_float(beta2),
+            ct.c_float(eps),
+            ct.c_int32(step),
+            ct.c_float(lr),
+            get_ptr(qmap1),
+            get_ptr(qmap2),
+            get_ptr(max1),
+            get_ptr(max2),
+            get_ptr(new_max1),
+            get_ptr(new_max2),
+            ct.c_float(weight_decay),
+            ct.c_float(gnorm_scale),
+            ct.c_int32(g.numel()),
+        )
     else:
-        raise ValueError(f'Gradient+optimizer bit data type combination not supported: grad {g.dtype}, optimizer {state1.dtype}')
-
-
-def optimizer_update_8bit_blockwise(optimizer_name: str, g: Tensor, p: Tensor, state1: Tensor, state2: Tensor,
-                beta1: float, beta2: float, eps: float,
-                step: int, lr: float, qmap1: Tensor, qmap2: Tensor,
-                absmax1: Tensor, absmax2: Tensor, weight_decay: float=0.0, gnorm_scale: float=1.0,
-                skip_zeros=False) -> None:
-
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Gradient+optimizer bit data type combination not supported: grad {g.dtype}, optimizer {state1.dtype}"
+        )
+
+
+def optimizer_update_8bit_blockwise(
+    optimizer_name: str,
+    g: Tensor,
+    p: Tensor,
+    state1: Tensor,
+    state2: Tensor,
+    beta1: float,
+    beta2: float,
+    eps: float,
+    step: int,
+    lr: float,
+    qmap1: Tensor,
+    qmap2: Tensor,
+    absmax1: Tensor,
+    absmax2: Tensor,
+    weight_decay: float = 0.0,
+    gnorm_scale: float = 1.0,
+    skip_zeros=False,
+) -> None:
 
     if g.dtype == torch.float32 and state1.dtype == torch.uint8:
-        str2optimizer8bit_blockwise[optimizer_name][0](get_ptr(p), get_ptr(g), get_ptr(state1), get_ptr(state2),
-                    ct.c_float(beta1), ct.c_float(beta2), ct.c_float(eps),
-                    ct.c_int32(step), ct.c_float(lr), get_ptr(qmap1), get_ptr(qmap2),
-                    get_ptr(absmax1), get_ptr(absmax2), ct.c_float(weight_decay), ct.c_float(gnorm_scale),
-                    ct.c_bool(skip_zeros), ct.c_int32(g.numel()))
+        str2optimizer8bit_blockwise[optimizer_name][0](
+            get_ptr(p),
+            get_ptr(g),
+            get_ptr(state1),
+            get_ptr(state2),
+            ct.c_float(beta1),
+            ct.c_float(beta2),
+            ct.c_float(eps),
+            ct.c_int32(step),
+            ct.c_float(lr),
+            get_ptr(qmap1),
+            get_ptr(qmap2),
+            get_ptr(absmax1),
+            get_ptr(absmax2),
+            ct.c_float(weight_decay),
+            ct.c_float(gnorm_scale),
+            ct.c_bool(skip_zeros),
+            ct.c_int32(g.numel()),
+        )
     elif g.dtype == torch.float16 and state1.dtype == torch.uint8:
-        str2optimizer8bit_blockwise[optimizer_name][1](get_ptr(p), get_ptr(g), get_ptr(state1), get_ptr(state2),
-                    ct.c_float(beta1), ct.c_float(beta2), ct.c_float(eps),
-                    ct.c_int32(step), ct.c_float(lr), get_ptr(qmap1), get_ptr(qmap2),
-                    get_ptr(absmax1), get_ptr(absmax2), ct.c_float(weight_decay), ct.c_float(gnorm_scale),
-                    ct.c_bool(skip_zeros), ct.c_int32(g.numel()))
+        str2optimizer8bit_blockwise[optimizer_name][1](
+            get_ptr(p),
+            get_ptr(g),
+            get_ptr(state1),
+            get_ptr(state2),
+            ct.c_float(beta1),
+            ct.c_float(beta2),
+            ct.c_float(eps),
+            ct.c_int32(step),
+            ct.c_float(lr),
+            get_ptr(qmap1),
+            get_ptr(qmap2),
+            get_ptr(absmax1),
+            get_ptr(absmax2),
+            ct.c_float(weight_decay),
+            ct.c_float(gnorm_scale),
+            ct.c_bool(skip_zeros),
+            ct.c_int32(g.numel()),
+        )
     else:
-        raise ValueError(f'Gradient+optimizer bit data type combination not supported: grad {g.dtype}, optimizer {state1.dtype}')
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Gradient+optimizer bit data type combination not supported: grad {g.dtype}, optimizer {state1.dtype}"
+        )
 
 
-def percentile_clipping(grad: Tensor, gnorm_vec: Tensor, step: int, percentile: int=5):
+def percentile_clipping(
+    grad: Tensor, gnorm_vec: Tensor, step: int, percentile: int = 5
+):
     """Applies percentile clipping
 
     grad: torch.Tensor
@@ -663,11 +952,21 @@ def percentile_clipping(grad: Tensor, gnorm_vec: Tensor, step: int, percentile:
 
     """
     if grad.dtype == torch.float32:
-        lib.cpercentile_clipping_g32(get_ptr(grad), get_ptr(gnorm_vec), ct.c_int32(step), ct.c_int32(grad.numel()))
+        lib.cpercentile_clipping_g32(
+            get_ptr(grad),
+            get_ptr(gnorm_vec),
+            ct.c_int32(step),
+            ct.c_int32(grad.numel()),
+        )
     elif grad.dtype == torch.float16:
-        lib.cpercentile_clipping_g16(get_ptr(grad), get_ptr(gnorm_vec), ct.c_int32(step), ct.c_int32(grad.numel()))
+        lib.cpercentile_clipping_g16(
+            get_ptr(grad),
+            get_ptr(gnorm_vec),
+            ct.c_int32(step),
+            ct.c_int32(grad.numel()),
+        )
     else:
-        raise ValueError(f'Gradient type {grad.dtype} not supported!')
+        raise ValueError(f"Gradient type {grad.dtype} not supported!")
 
     current_gnorm = torch.sqrt(gnorm_vec[step % 100])
     vals, idx = torch.sort(gnorm_vec)
@@ -675,31 +974,44 @@ def percentile_clipping(grad: Tensor, gnorm_vec: Tensor, step: int, percentile:
     gnorm_scale = 1.0
 
     if current_gnorm > clip_value:
-        gnorm_scale = clip_value/current_gnorm
+        gnorm_scale = clip_value / current_gnorm
 
     return current_gnorm, clip_value, gnorm_scale
 
 
-def histogram_scatter_add_2d(histogram: Tensor, index1: Tensor, index2: Tensor, source: Tensor):
+def histogram_scatter_add_2d(
+    histogram: Tensor, index1: Tensor, index2: Tensor, source: Tensor
+):
     assert len(histogram.shape) == 2
     assert histogram.dtype == torch.float32
     assert source.dtype == torch.float32
     assert index1.dtype == torch.int32
     assert index2.dtype == torch.int32
 
-    assert histogram.device.type == 'cuda'
-    assert index1.device.type == 'cuda'
-    assert index2.device.type == 'cuda'
-    assert source.device.type == 'cuda'
+    assert histogram.device.type == "cuda"
+    assert index1.device.type == "cuda"
+    assert index2.device.type == "cuda"
+    assert source.device.type == "cuda"
 
     maxdim1 = ct.c_int32(histogram.shape[0])
     n = ct.c_int32(index1.numel())
-    lib.chistogram_scatter_add_2d(get_ptr(histogram), get_ptr(index1), get_ptr(index2), get_ptr(source), maxdim1, n)
+    lib.chistogram_scatter_add_2d(
+        get_ptr(histogram),
+        get_ptr(index1),
+        get_ptr(index2),
+        get_ptr(source),
+        maxdim1,
+        n,
+    )
+
 
 def check_matmul(A, B, out, transposed_A, transposed_B, expected_type=torch.int8):
-    if not torch.cuda.is_initialized(): torch.cuda.init()
+    if not torch.cuda.is_initialized():
+        torch.cuda.init()
     if A.dtype != expected_type or B.dtype != expected_type:
-        raise TypeError(f'Expected torch.int8 input tensors A and B, but got {A.dtype} and {B.dtype}')
+        raise TypeError(
+            f"Expected torch.int8 input tensors A and B, but got {A.dtype} and {B.dtype}"
+        )
 
     sA = A.shape
     sB = B.shape
@@ -709,64 +1021,101 @@ def check_matmul(A, B, out, transposed_A, transposed_B, expected_type=torch.int8
     correct = True
 
     if len(sA) == 2 and len(sB) == 2:
-        if not tA and not tB and A.shape[1] != B.shape[0]: correct = False
-        elif tA and not tB and A.shape[0] != B.shape[0]: correct = False
-        elif tA and tB and A.shape[0] != B.shape[1]: correct = False
-        elif not tA and tB and A.shape[1] != B.shape[1]: correct = False
+        if not tA and not tB and A.shape[1] != B.shape[0]:
+            correct = False
+        elif tA and not tB and A.shape[0] != B.shape[0]:
+            correct = False
+        elif tA and tB and A.shape[0] != B.shape[1]:
+            correct = False
+        elif not tA and tB and A.shape[1] != B.shape[1]:
+            correct = False
     elif len(sA) == 3 and len(sB) == 2:
-        if not tA and not tB and A.shape[2] != B.shape[0]: correct = False
-        elif tA and not tB and A.shape[1] != B.shape[0]: correct = False
-        elif tA and tB and A.shape[1] != B.shape[1]: correct = False
-        elif not tA and tB and A.shape[2] != B.shape[1]: correct = False
+        if not tA and not tB and A.shape[2] != B.shape[0]:
+            correct = False
+        elif tA and not tB and A.shape[1] != B.shape[0]:
+            correct = False
+        elif tA and tB and A.shape[1] != B.shape[1]:
+            correct = False
+        elif not tA and tB and A.shape[2] != B.shape[1]:
+            correct = False
     elif len(sA) == 3 and len(sB) == 3:
-        if not tA and not tB and A.shape[2] != B.shape[1]: correct = False
-        elif tA and not tB and A.shape[1] != B.shape[1]: correct = False
-        elif tA and tB and A.shape[1] != B.shape[2]: correct = False
-        elif not tA and tB and A.shape[2] != B.shape[2]: correct = False
+        if not tA and not tB and A.shape[2] != B.shape[1]:
+            correct = False
+        elif tA and not tB and A.shape[1] != B.shape[1]:
+            correct = False
+        elif tA and tB and A.shape[1] != B.shape[2]:
+            correct = False
+        elif not tA and tB and A.shape[2] != B.shape[2]:
+            correct = False
 
     if out is not None:
         sout = out.shape
         # special case common in backprop
         if not correct and len(sA) == 3 and len(sB) == 3:
-            if (sout[0] == sA[2] and sout[1] == sB[2] and
-                  sA[0] == sB[0] and   sA[1] == sB[1]):
+            if (
+                sout[0] == sA[2]
+                and sout[1] == sB[2]
+                and sA[0] == sB[0]
+                and sA[1] == sB[1]
+            ):
                 correct = True
     else:
         if len(sA) == 2 and len(sB) == 2:
-            if not tA and not tB: sout = (sA[0], sB[1])
-            elif tA and tB: sout = (sA[1], sB[0])
-            elif tA and not tB: sout = (sA[1], sB[1])
-            elif not tA and tB: sout = (sA[0], sB[0])
+            if not tA and not tB:
+                sout = (sA[0], sB[1])
+            elif tA and tB:
+                sout = (sA[1], sB[0])
+            elif tA and not tB:
+                sout = (sA[1], sB[1])
+            elif not tA and tB:
+                sout = (sA[0], sB[0])
         elif len(sA) == 3 and len(sB) == 2:
-            if not tA and not tB: sout = (sA[0], sA[1], sB[1])
-            elif tA and tB: sout = (sA[0], sA[2], sB[0])
-            elif tA and not tB: sout = (sA[0], sA[2], sB[1])
-            elif not tA and tB: sout = (sA[0], sA[1], sB[0])
+            if not tA and not tB:
+                sout = (sA[0], sA[1], sB[1])
+            elif tA and tB:
+                sout = (sA[0], sA[2], sB[0])
+            elif tA and not tB:
+                sout = (sA[0], sA[2], sB[1])
+            elif not tA and tB:
+                sout = (sA[0], sA[1], sB[0])
         elif len(sA) == 3 and len(sB) == 3:
-            if not tA and not tB: sout = (sA[0], sA[1], sB[2])
-            elif tA and tB: sout = (sA[0], sA[2], sB[1])
-            elif tA and not tB: sout = (sA[0], sA[2], sB[2])
-            elif not tA and tB: sout = (sA[0], sA[1], sB[1])
-
+            if not tA and not tB:
+                sout = (sA[0], sA[1], sB[2])
+            elif tA and tB:
+                sout = (sA[0], sA[2], sB[1])
+            elif tA and not tB:
+                sout = (sA[0], sA[2], sB[2])
+            elif not tA and tB:
+                sout = (sA[0], sA[1], sB[1])
 
     if not correct:
-        raise ValueError(f'Tensor dimensions incorrect for matrix mulitiplication: A x B: {sA} x {sB} with transpose for A x B: {tA} x {tB}.')
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Tensor dimensions incorrect for matrix mulitiplication: A x B: {sA} x {sB} with transpose for A x B: {tA} x {tB}."
+        )
 
     return sout
 
-def igemm(A: Tensor, B: Tensor, out: Tensor=None, transposed_A=False, transposed_B=False):
+
+def igemm(
+    A: Tensor, B: Tensor, out: Tensor = None, transposed_A=False, transposed_B=False
+):
     sout = check_matmul(A, B, out, transposed_A, transposed_B)
-    if out is None: out = torch.zeros(size=sout, dtype=torch.int32, device=A.device)
+    if out is None:
+        out = torch.zeros(size=sout, dtype=torch.int32, device=A.device)
     if len(A.shape) == 3 and len(B.shape) == 3:
         if A.shape[0] == B.shape[0] and A.shape[2] == B.shape[1]:
             return batched_igemm(A, B, out)
 
     sA = A.shape
     sB = B.shape
-    if transposed_A and len(sA) == 2: sA = (sA[1], sA[0])
-    elif transposed_A and len(sA) == 3: sA = (sA[0], sA[2], sA[0])
-    if transposed_B and len(sB) == 2: sB = (sB[1], sB[0])
-    elif transposed_B and len(sB) == 3: sB = (sB[0], sB[2], sB[0])
+    if transposed_A and len(sA) == 2:
+        sA = (sA[1], sA[0])
+    elif transposed_A and len(sA) == 3:
+        sA = (sA[0], sA[2], sA[0])
+    if transposed_B and len(sB) == 2:
+        sB = (sB[1], sB[0])
+    elif transposed_B and len(sB) == 3:
+        sB = (sB[0], sB[2], sB[0])
     # this is a mess: cuBLAS expect column major, but PyTorch is row major.
     # So to perform the matrix multiplication, we have to treat A, B, and C matrices
     # (transpose of row major is column major)
@@ -777,23 +1126,28 @@ def igemm(A: Tensor, B: Tensor, out: Tensor=None, transposed_A=False, transposed
     # row major: B^T @ A^T = C^T: [m, k] @ [k, n] = [m, n]
     # column major with row major layout: B^T @ A^T = C^T: [k, m] @ [n, k] = [n, m]
     if len(sB) == 2:
-        if  B.stride()[0] == B.shape[1]: transposed_B = False
-        elif B.stride()[1] == B.shape[0]: transposed_B = True
+        if B.stride()[0] == B.shape[1]:
+            transposed_B = False
+        elif B.stride()[1] == B.shape[0]:
+            transposed_B = True
         if len(A.shape) == 2:
-            if A.stride()[0] == A.shape[1]: transposed_A = False
-            elif A.stride()[1] == A.shape[0]: transposed_A = True
+            if A.stride()[0] == A.shape[1]:
+                transposed_A = False
+            elif A.stride()[1] == A.shape[0]:
+                transposed_A = True
         else:
-            if A.stride()[1] == A.shape[2]: transposed_A = False
-            elif A.stride()[2] == A.shape[1]: transposed_A = True
+            if A.stride()[1] == A.shape[2]:
+                transposed_A = False
+            elif A.stride()[2] == A.shape[1]:
+                transposed_A = True
 
         if len(sA) == 2:
             n = sA[0]
             ldb = A.stride()[1 if transposed_A else 0]
         elif len(sA) == 3 and len(sB) == 2:
-            n = sA[0]*sA[1]
+            n = sA[0] * sA[1]
             ldb = sA[2]
 
-
         m = sB[1]
         k = sB[0]
         lda = B.stride()[(1 if transposed_B else 0)]
@@ -802,34 +1156,52 @@ def igemm(A: Tensor, B: Tensor, out: Tensor=None, transposed_A=False, transposed
         # special case
         assert len(sA) == 3
         if not (sA[0] == sB[0] and sA[1] == sB[1]):
-            raise ValueError(f'Only bsi,bso->io supported for tensor contractions, but dims for A x B were: {sA} x {sB}')
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Only bsi,bso->io supported for tensor contractions, but dims for A x B were: {sA} x {sB}"
+            )
 
         transposed_A = True
         transposed_B = False
 
         m = sB[2]
         n = sA[2]
-        k = sB[0]*sB[1]
+        k = sB[0] * sB[1]
 
         lda = m
         ldb = sA[2]
         ldc = m
 
-
     ptr = CUBLAS_Context.get_instance().get_context(A.device)
 
     # B^T @ A^T = C^T
-    # [km, nk -> mn] 
-    lib.cigemm(ptr, ct.c_bool(transposed_B), ct.c_bool(transposed_A), ct.c_int32(m), ct.c_int32(n), ct.c_int32(k),
-               get_ptr(B), get_ptr(A), get_ptr(out), ct.c_int32(lda), ct.c_int32(ldb), ct.c_int32(ldc))
+    # [km, nk -> mn]
+    lib.cigemm(
+        ptr,
+        ct.c_bool(transposed_B),
+        ct.c_bool(transposed_A),
+        ct.c_int32(m),
+        ct.c_int32(n),
+        ct.c_int32(k),
+        get_ptr(B),
+        get_ptr(A),
+        get_ptr(out),
+        ct.c_int32(lda),
+        ct.c_int32(ldb),
+        ct.c_int32(ldc),
+    )
     return out
 
 
-def batched_igemm(A: Tensor, B: Tensor, out: Tensor=None, transposed_A=False, transposed_B=False):
+def batched_igemm(
+    A: Tensor, B: Tensor, out: Tensor = None, transposed_A=False, transposed_B=False
+):
     if not len(A.shape) == 3 or not len(B.shape) == 3:
-        raise ValueError(f'Expected 3-dimensional tensors for bmm, but got shapes A and B: {A.shape} and {B.shape}')
+        raise ValueError(
+            f"Expected 3-dimensional tensors for bmm, but got shapes A and B: {A.shape} and {B.shape}"
+        )
     sout = check_matmul(A, B, out, transposed_A, transposed_B)
-    if out is None: out = torch.zeros(size=sout, dtype=torch.int32, device=A.device)
+    if out is None:
+        out = torch.zeros(size=sout, dtype=torch.int32, device=A.device)
 
     if B.is_contiguous():
         lda = B.stride()[1]
@@ -886,17 +1258,33 @@ def batched_igemm(A: Tensor, B: Tensor, out: Tensor=None, transposed_A=False, tr
 
     ldc = m
 
-    strideA = B.shape[1]*B.shape[2]
-    strideB = A.shape[1]*A.shape[2]
-    strideC = A.shape[1]*B.shape[2]
+    strideA = B.shape[1] * B.shape[2]
+    strideB = A.shape[1] * A.shape[2]
+    strideC = A.shape[1] * B.shape[2]
 
     ptr = CUBLAS_Context.get_instance().get_context(A.device)
 
-    lib.cbatched_igemm(ptr, ct.c_bool(transposed_B), ct.c_bool(transposed_A), ct.c_int32(m), ct.c_int32(n), ct.c_int32(k),
-               get_ptr(B), get_ptr(A), get_ptr(out), ct.c_int32(lda), ct.c_int32(ldb), ct.c_int32(ldc),
-               ct.c_long(strideA), ct.c_long(strideB), ct.c_long(strideC), ct.c_uint32(num_batch))
+    lib.cbatched_igemm(
+        ptr,
+        ct.c_bool(transposed_B),
+        ct.c_bool(transposed_A),
+        ct.c_int32(m),
+        ct.c_int32(n),
+        ct.c_int32(k),
+        get_ptr(B),
+        get_ptr(A),
+        get_ptr(out),
+        ct.c_int32(lda),
+        ct.c_int32(ldb),
+        ct.c_int32(ldc),
+        ct.c_long(strideA),
+        ct.c_long(strideB),
+        ct.c_long(strideC),
+        ct.c_uint32(num_batch),
+    )
     return out
 
+
 def igemmlt(A, B, SA, SB, out=None, Sout=None, dtype=torch.int32):
     shapeA = SA[0]
     shapeB = SB[0]
@@ -905,28 +1293,34 @@ def igemmlt(A, B, SA, SB, out=None, Sout=None, dtype=torch.int32):
     if dimsA == 2:
         m = shapeA[0]
     elif dimsA == 3:
-        m = shapeA[0]*shapeA[1]
+        m = shapeA[0] * shapeA[1]
 
     if dimsB == 2:
         rows = n = shapeB[0]
     elif dimsB == 3:
-        rows = n = shapeB[0]*shapeB[1]
+        rows = n = shapeB[0] * shapeB[1]
 
     if dimsA == 2 and out is None:
-        out, Sout = get_transform_buffer((shapeA[0], shapeB[0]), dtype, A.device, 'col32', 'row')
+        out, Sout = get_transform_buffer(
+            (shapeA[0], shapeB[0]), dtype, A.device, "col32", "row"
+        )
     elif dimsA == 3 and out is None:
-        out, Sout = get_transform_buffer((shapeA[0], shapeA[1], shapeB[0]), dtype, A.device, 'col32', 'row')
+        out, Sout = get_transform_buffer(
+            (shapeA[0], shapeA[1], shapeB[0]), dtype, A.device, "col32", "row"
+        )
 
-    assert dimsB != 3, 'len(B.shape)==3 not supported'
-    assert A.device.type == 'cuda'
-    assert B.device.type == 'cuda'
+    assert dimsB != 3, "len(B.shape)==3 not supported"
+    assert A.device.type == "cuda"
+    assert B.device.type == "cuda"
     assert A.dtype == torch.int8
     assert B.dtype == torch.int8
     assert out.dtype == dtype
-    assert SA[1] == 'col32'
-    assert SB[1] in ['col_turing', 'col_ampere']
-    assert Sout[1] == 'col32'
-    assert shapeA[-1] == shapeB[-1], f'Matmullt only supports A @ B^T. Inner matrix dimensions do not match: A @ B = {shapeA} @ {shapeB}'
+    assert SA[1] == "col32"
+    assert SB[1] in ["col_turing", "col_ampere"]
+    assert Sout[1] == "col32"
+    assert (
+        shapeA[-1] == shapeB[-1]
+    ), f"Matmullt only supports A @ B^T. Inner matrix dimensions do not match: A @ B = {shapeA} @ {shapeB}"
     formatB = SB[1]
     prev_device = A.device
     torch.cuda.set_device(A.device)
@@ -937,53 +1331,76 @@ def igemmlt(A, B, SA, SB, out=None, Sout=None, dtype=torch.int32):
     ptrC = get_ptr(out)
 
     k = shapeA[-1]
-    lda = ct.c_int32(m*32)
-    if formatB == 'col_turing':
+    lda = ct.c_int32(m * 32)
+    if formatB == "col_turing":
         # turing: tiles with rows filled up to multiple of 8 rows by 32 columns
         # n = rows
-        ldb = ct.c_int32(((rows+7)//8)*8*32)
+        ldb = ct.c_int32(((rows + 7) // 8) * 8 * 32)
     else:
         # ampere: tiles with rows filled up to multiple of 32 rows by 32 columns
         # n = rows
-        ldb = ct.c_int32(((rows+31)//32)*32*32)
+        ldb = ct.c_int32(((rows + 31) // 32) * 32 * 32)
 
-    ldc = ct.c_int32(m*32)
+    ldc = ct.c_int32(m * 32)
     m = ct.c_int32(m)
     n = ct.c_int32(n)
     k = ct.c_int32(k)
 
     has_error = 0
     ptrRowScale = get_ptr(None)
-    if formatB == 'col_turing':
+    if formatB == "col_turing":
         if dtype == torch.int32:
-            has_error = lib.cigemmlt_turing_32(ptr, m, n, k, ptrA, ptrB, ptrC, ptrRowScale, lda, ldb, ldc)
+            has_error = lib.cigemmlt_turing_32(
+                ptr, m, n, k, ptrA, ptrB, ptrC, ptrRowScale, lda, ldb, ldc
+            )
         else:
-            has_error = lib.cigemmlt_turing_8(ptr, m, n, k, ptrA, ptrB, ptrC, ptrRowScale, lda, ldb, ldc)
-    elif formatB == 'col_ampere':
+            has_error = lib.cigemmlt_turing_8(
+                ptr, m, n, k, ptrA, ptrB, ptrC, ptrRowScale, lda, ldb, ldc
+            )
+    elif formatB == "col_ampere":
         if dtype == torch.int32:
-            has_error = lib.cigemmlt_ampere_32(ptr, m, n, k, ptrA, ptrB, ptrC, ptrRowScale, lda, ldb, ldc)
+            has_error = lib.cigemmlt_ampere_32(
+                ptr, m, n, k, ptrA, ptrB, ptrC, ptrRowScale, lda, ldb, ldc
+            )
         else:
-            has_error = lib.cigemmlt_ampere_8(ptr, m, n, k, ptrA, ptrB, ptrC, ptrRowScale, lda, ldb, ldc)
+            has_error = lib.cigemmlt_ampere_8(
+                ptr, m, n, k, ptrA, ptrB, ptrC, ptrRowScale, lda, ldb, ldc
+            )
 
     if has_error == 1:
-        raise Exception('cublasLt ran into an error!')
+        raise Exception("cublasLt ran into an error!")
 
     torch.cuda.set_device(prev_device)
 
-
     return out, Sout
 
 
-def mm_dequant(A, quant_state, row_stats, col_stats, out=None, new_row_stats=None, new_col_stats=None):
+def mm_dequant(
+    A,
+    quant_state,
+    row_stats,
+    col_stats,
+    out=None,
+    new_row_stats=None,
+    new_col_stats=None,
+):
     assert A.dtype == torch.int32
     out_shape = quant_state[0]
-    if len(out_shape) == 3: out_shape = (out_shape[0]*out_shape[1], out_shape[2])
-
-    if out is None: out = torch.empty(out_shape, dtype=torch.float16, device=A.device)
-    if new_row_stats is None: new_row_stats = torch.empty(out_shape[0], dtype=torch.float32, device=A.device)
-    if new_col_stats is None: new_col_stats = torch.empty(out_shape[1], dtype=torch.float32, device=A.device)
-    assert new_row_stats.shape[0] == row_stats.shape[0], f"{new_row_stats.shape} vs {row_stats.shape}"
-    assert new_col_stats.shape[0] == col_stats.shape[0], f"{new_col_stats.shape} vs {col_stats.shape}"
+    if len(out_shape) == 3:
+        out_shape = (out_shape[0] * out_shape[1], out_shape[2])
+
+    if out is None:
+        out = torch.empty(out_shape, dtype=torch.float16, device=A.device)
+    if new_row_stats is None:
+        new_row_stats = torch.empty(out_shape[0], dtype=torch.float32, device=A.device)
+    if new_col_stats is None:
+        new_col_stats = torch.empty(out_shape[1], dtype=torch.float32, device=A.device)
+    assert (
+        new_row_stats.shape[0] == row_stats.shape[0]
+    ), f"{new_row_stats.shape} vs {row_stats.shape}"
+    assert (
+        new_col_stats.shape[0] == col_stats.shape[0]
+    ), f"{new_col_stats.shape} vs {col_stats.shape}"
 
     ptrA = get_ptr(A)
     ptrOut = get_ptr(out)
@@ -994,27 +1411,47 @@ def mm_dequant(A, quant_state, row_stats, col_stats, out=None, new_row_stats=Non
     numRows = ct.c_int32(out_shape[0])
     numCols = ct.c_int32(out_shape[1])
 
-    lib.cdequant_mm_int32_fp16(ptrA, ptrRowStats, ptrColStats, ptrOut, ptrNewRowStats, ptrNewColStats, numRows, numCols)
+    lib.cdequant_mm_int32_fp16(
+        ptrA,
+        ptrRowStats,
+        ptrColStats,
+        ptrOut,
+        ptrNewRowStats,
+        ptrNewColStats,
+        numRows,
+        numCols,
+    )
 
     return out
 
 
-def get_colrow_absmax(A, row_stats=None, col_stats=None, nnz_block_ptr=None, threshold=0.0):
+def get_colrow_absmax(
+    A, row_stats=None, col_stats=None, nnz_block_ptr=None, threshold=0.0
+):
     assert A.dtype == torch.float16
     device = A.device
 
     cols = A.shape[-1]
     if len(A.shape) == 3:
-        rows = A.shape[0]*A.shape[1]
+        rows = A.shape[0] * A.shape[1]
     else:
         rows = A.shape[0]
 
-    col_tiles = (cols+255)//256
-    tiled_rows = ((rows+15)//16)*16
-    if row_stats is None: row_stats = torch.empty((rows,), dtype=torch.float32, device=device).fill_(-50000.0)
-    if col_stats is None: col_stats = torch.empty((cols,), dtype=torch.float32, device=device).fill_(-50000.0)
-
-    if nnz_block_ptr is None and threshold > 0.0: nnz_block_ptr = torch.zeros(((tiled_rows*col_tiles)+1,), dtype=torch.int32, device=device)
+    col_tiles = (cols + 255) // 256
+    tiled_rows = ((rows + 15) // 16) * 16
+    if row_stats is None:
+        row_stats = torch.empty((rows,), dtype=torch.float32, device=device).fill_(
+            -50000.0
+        )
+    if col_stats is None:
+        col_stats = torch.empty((cols,), dtype=torch.float32, device=device).fill_(
+            -50000.0
+        )
+
+    if nnz_block_ptr is None and threshold > 0.0:
+        nnz_block_ptr = torch.zeros(
+            ((tiled_rows * col_tiles) + 1,), dtype=torch.int32, device=device
+        )
 
     ptrA = get_ptr(A)
     ptrRowStats = get_ptr(row_stats)
@@ -1024,16 +1461,17 @@ def get_colrow_absmax(A, row_stats=None, col_stats=None, nnz_block_ptr=None, thr
     cols = ct.c_int32(cols)
 
     prev_device = pre_call(A.device)
-    lib.cget_col_row_stats(ptrA, ptrRowStats, ptrColStats, ptrNnzrows, ct.c_float(threshold), rows, cols)
+    lib.cget_col_row_stats(
+        ptrA, ptrRowStats, ptrColStats, ptrNnzrows, ct.c_float(threshold), rows, cols
+    )
     post_call(prev_device)
 
-
     if threshold > 0.0:
         nnz_block_ptr.cumsum_(0)
 
-
     return row_stats, col_stats, nnz_block_ptr
 
+
 class COOSparseTensor(object):
     def __init__(self, rows, cols, nnz, rowidx, colidx, values):
         assert rowidx.dtype == torch.int32
@@ -1050,6 +1488,7 @@ class COOSparseTensor(object):
         self.colidx = colidx
         self.values = values
 
+
 class CSRSparseTensor(object):
     def __init__(self, rows, cols, nnz, rowptr, colidx, values):
         assert rowptr.dtype == torch.int32
@@ -1057,7 +1496,7 @@ class CSRSparseTensor(object):
         assert values.dtype == torch.float16
         assert values.numel() == nnz
         assert colidx.numel() == nnz
-        assert rowptr.numel() == rows+1
+        assert rowptr.numel() == rows + 1
 
         self.rows = rows
         self.cols = cols
@@ -1066,6 +1505,7 @@ class CSRSparseTensor(object):
         self.colidx = colidx
         self.values = values
 
+
 class CSCSparseTensor(object):
     def __init__(self, rows, cols, nnz, colptr, rowidx, values):
         assert colptr.dtype == torch.int32
@@ -1073,7 +1513,7 @@ class CSCSparseTensor(object):
         assert values.dtype == torch.float16
         assert values.numel() == nnz
         assert rowidx.numel() == nnz
-        assert colptr.numel() == cols+1
+        assert colptr.numel() == cols + 1
 
         self.rows = rows
         self.cols = cols
@@ -1082,13 +1522,17 @@ class CSCSparseTensor(object):
         self.rowidx = rowidx
         self.values = values
 
+
 def coo2csr(cooA):
     values, counts = torch.unique(cooA.rowidx, return_counts=True)
     values.add_(1)
-    rowptr = torch.zeros((cooA.rows+1, ), dtype=torch.int32, device=cooA.rowidx.device)
+    rowptr = torch.zeros((cooA.rows + 1,), dtype=torch.int32, device=cooA.rowidx.device)
     rowptr.scatter_(index=values.long(), src=counts.int(), dim=0)
     rowptr.cumsum_(0)
-    return CSRSparseTensor(cooA.rows, cooA.cols, cooA.nnz, rowptr, cooA.colidx, cooA.values)
+    return CSRSparseTensor(
+        cooA.rows, cooA.cols, cooA.nnz, rowptr, cooA.colidx, cooA.values
+    )
+
 
 def coo2csc(cooA):
     val, col2rowidx = torch.sort(cooA.colidx)
@@ -1096,11 +1540,12 @@ def coo2csc(cooA):
     values = cooA.values[col2rowidx]
     colvalues, counts = torch.unique(val, return_counts=True)
     colvalues.add_(1)
-    colptr = torch.zeros((cooA.cols+1, ), dtype=torch.int32, device=cooA.colidx.device)
+    colptr = torch.zeros((cooA.cols + 1,), dtype=torch.int32, device=cooA.colidx.device)
     colptr.scatter_(index=colvalues.long(), src=counts.int(), dim=0)
     colptr.cumsum_(0)
     return CSCSparseTensor(cooA.rows, cooA.cols, cooA.nnz, colptr, rowidx, values)
 
+
 def coo_zeros(rows, cols, nnz, device, dtype=torch.half):
     rowidx = torch.zeros((nnz,), dtype=torch.int32, device=device)
     colidx = torch.zeros((nnz,), dtype=torch.int32, device=device)
@@ -1108,23 +1553,27 @@ def coo_zeros(rows, cols, nnz, device, dtype=torch.half):
     return COOSparseTensor(rows, cols, nnz, rowidx, colidx, values)
 
 
-def double_quant(A, col_stats=None, row_stats=None, out_col=None, out_row=None, threshold=0.0):
+def double_quant(
+    A, col_stats=None, row_stats=None, out_col=None, out_row=None, threshold=0.0
+):
     device = A.device
     assert A.dtype == torch.half
-    assert device.type == 'cuda'
+    assert device.type == "cuda"
     prev_device = pre_call(A.device)
 
     cols = A.shape[-1]
     if len(A.shape) == 3:
-        rows = A.shape[0]*A.shape[1]
+        rows = A.shape[0] * A.shape[1]
     else:
         rows = A.shape[0]
 
     if row_stats is None or col_stats is None:
         row_stats, col_stats, nnz_row_ptr = get_colrow_absmax(A, threshold=threshold)
 
-    if out_col is None: out_col = torch.zeros(A.shape, device=device, dtype=torch.int8)
-    if out_row is None: out_row = torch.zeros(A.shape, device=device, dtype=torch.int8)
+    if out_col is None:
+        out_col = torch.zeros(A.shape, device=device, dtype=torch.int8)
+    if out_row is None:
+        out_row = torch.zeros(A.shape, device=device, dtype=torch.int8)
 
     coo_tensor = None
     ptrA = get_ptr(A)
@@ -1136,21 +1585,62 @@ def double_quant(A, col_stats=None, row_stats=None, out_col=None, out_row=None,
     if threshold > 0.0:
         nnz = nnz_row_ptr[-1].item()
         if nnz > 0:
-            coo_tensor = coo_zeros(A.shape[0], A.shape[1], nnz_row_ptr[-1].item(), device)
+            coo_tensor = coo_zeros(
+                A.shape[0], A.shape[1], nnz_row_ptr[-1].item(), device
+            )
             ptrRowIdx = get_ptr(coo_tensor.rowidx)
             ptrColIdx = get_ptr(coo_tensor.colidx)
             ptrVal = get_ptr(coo_tensor.values)
             ptrRowPtr = get_ptr(nnz_row_ptr)
 
-            lib.cdouble_rowcol_quant(ptrA, ptrRowStats, ptrColStats, ptrOutCol, ptrOutRow, ptrRowIdx, ptrColIdx, ptrVal, ptrRowPtr, ct.c_float(threshold), ct.c_int32(rows), ct.c_int32(cols))
+            lib.cdouble_rowcol_quant(
+                ptrA,
+                ptrRowStats,
+                ptrColStats,
+                ptrOutCol,
+                ptrOutRow,
+                ptrRowIdx,
+                ptrColIdx,
+                ptrVal,
+                ptrRowPtr,
+                ct.c_float(threshold),
+                ct.c_int32(rows),
+                ct.c_int32(cols),
+            )
             val, idx = torch.sort(coo_tensor.rowidx)
             coo_tensor.rowidx = val
             coo_tensor.colidx = coo_tensor.colidx[idx]
             coo_tensor.values = coo_tensor.values[idx]
         else:
-            lib.cdouble_rowcol_quant(ptrA, ptrRowStats, ptrColStats, ptrOutCol, ptrOutRow, None, None, None, None, ct.c_float(0.0), ct.c_int32(rows), ct.c_int32(cols))
+            lib.cdouble_rowcol_quant(
+                ptrA,
+                ptrRowStats,
+                ptrColStats,
+                ptrOutCol,
+                ptrOutRow,
+                None,
+                None,
+                None,
+                None,
+                ct.c_float(0.0),
+                ct.c_int32(rows),
+                ct.c_int32(cols),
+            )
     else:
-        lib.cdouble_rowcol_quant(ptrA, ptrRowStats, ptrColStats, ptrOutCol, ptrOutRow, None, None, None, None, ct.c_float(threshold), ct.c_int32(rows), ct.c_int32(cols))
+        lib.cdouble_rowcol_quant(
+            ptrA,
+            ptrRowStats,
+            ptrColStats,
+            ptrOutCol,
+            ptrOutRow,
+            None,
+            None,
+            None,
+            None,
+            ct.c_float(threshold),
+            ct.c_int32(rows),
+            ct.c_int32(cols),
+        )
     post_call(prev_device)
 
     return out_row, out_col, row_stats, col_stats, coo_tensor
@@ -1159,69 +1649,81 @@ def double_quant(A, col_stats=None, row_stats=None, out_col=None, out_row=None,
 def get_special_format_str():
     major, minor = torch.cuda.get_device_capability()
     if major < 7:
-        print(f'Device with CUDA capability of {major} not supported for 8-bit matmul. Device has no tensor cores!')
+        print(
+            f"Device with CUDA capability of {major} not supported for 8-bit matmul. Device has no tensor cores!"
+        )
         assert major >= 7
 
-    if major == 7: return 'col_turing'
-    elif major == 8: return 'col_ampere'
-    else: return 'col_turing'
-
-
+    if major == 7:
+        return "col_turing"
+    elif major == 8:
+        return "col_ampere"
+    else:
+        return "col_turing"
 
 
-def transform(A, to_order, from_order='row', out=None, transpose=False, state=None, ld=None):
-    if state is None: state = (A.shape, from_order)
-    else: from_order = state[1]
-    if out is None: out, new_state = get_transform_buffer(state[0], A.dtype, A.device, to_order, state[1], transpose)
-    else: new_state = (state[0], to_order) # (shape, order)
+def transform(
+    A, to_order, from_order="row", out=None, transpose=False, state=None, ld=None
+):
+    if state is None:
+        state = (A.shape, from_order)
+    else:
+        from_order = state[1]
+    if out is None:
+        out, new_state = get_transform_buffer(
+            state[0], A.dtype, A.device, to_order, state[1], transpose
+        )
+    else:
+        new_state = (state[0], to_order)  # (shape, order)
 
     shape = state[0]
     if len(shape) == 2:
         dim1 = ct.c_int32(shape[0])
         dim2 = ct.c_int32(shape[1])
     else:
-        dim1 = ct.c_int32(shape[0]*shape[1])
+        dim1 = ct.c_int32(shape[0] * shape[1])
         dim2 = ct.c_int32(shape[2])
 
     ptrA = get_ptr(A)
     ptrOut = get_ptr(out)
-    if to_order == 'col32':
+    if to_order == "col32":
         if transpose:
             lib.ctransform_row2col32T(get_ptr(A), get_ptr(out), dim1, dim2)
         else:
             lib.ctransform_row2col32(get_ptr(A), get_ptr(out), dim1, dim2)
-    elif to_order == 'col_turing':
+    elif to_order == "col_turing":
         if transpose:
             lib.ctransform_row2turingT(get_ptr(A), get_ptr(out), dim1, dim2)
         else:
             lib.ctransform_row2turing(get_ptr(A), get_ptr(out), dim1, dim2)
-    elif to_order == 'col_ampere':
+    elif to_order == "col_ampere":
         if transpose:
             lib.ctransform_row2ampereT(get_ptr(A), get_ptr(out), dim1, dim2)
         else:
             lib.ctransform_row2ampere(get_ptr(A), get_ptr(out), dim1, dim2)
-    elif to_order == 'row':
-        if from_order == 'col_turing':
+    elif to_order == "row":
+        if from_order == "col_turing":
             lib.ctransform_turing2row(get_ptr(A), get_ptr(out), dim1, dim2)
-        elif from_order == 'col_ampere':
+        elif from_order == "col_ampere":
             lib.ctransform_ampere2row(get_ptr(A), get_ptr(out), dim1, dim2)
     else:
-        raise NotImplementedError(f'Transform function not implemented: From {from_order} to {to_order}')
-
-
-
+        raise NotImplementedError(
+            f"Transform function not implemented: From {from_order} to {to_order}"
+        )
 
     return out, new_state
 
+
 def spmm_coo(cooA, B, out=None):
-    if out is None: out = torch.empty((cooA.rows, B.shape[1]), device=B.device, dtype=B.dtype)
+    if out is None:
+        out = torch.empty((cooA.rows, B.shape[1]), device=B.device, dtype=B.dtype)
     nnz = cooA.nnz
     assert cooA.rowidx.numel() == nnz
     assert cooA.colidx.numel() == nnz
     assert cooA.values.numel() == nnz
     assert cooA.cols == B.shape[0]
 
-    transposed_B = (False if B.is_contiguous() else True)
+    transposed_B = False if B.is_contiguous() else True
 
     ldb = B.stride()[(1 if transposed_B else 0)]
     ldc = B.shape[1]
@@ -1240,19 +1742,37 @@ def spmm_coo(cooA, B, out=None):
     cldb = ct.c_int32(ldb)
     cldc = ct.c_int32(ldc)
 
-    lib.cspmm_coo(ptr, ptrRowidx, ptrColidx, ptrValues, cnnz, crowsA, ccolsA, ccolsB, cldb, ptrB, cldc, ptrC, ct.c_bool(transposed_B))
+    lib.cspmm_coo(
+        ptr,
+        ptrRowidx,
+        ptrColidx,
+        ptrValues,
+        cnnz,
+        crowsA,
+        ccolsA,
+        ccolsB,
+        cldb,
+        ptrB,
+        cldc,
+        ptrC,
+        ct.c_bool(transposed_B),
+    )
 
     return out
 
+
 def spmm_coo_very_sparse(cooA, B, dequant_stats=None, out=None):
-    if out is None: out = torch.zeros((cooA.rows, B.shape[1]), device=B.device, dtype=cooA.values.dtype)
+    if out is None:
+        out = torch.zeros(
+            (cooA.rows, B.shape[1]), device=B.device, dtype=cooA.values.dtype
+        )
     nnz = cooA.nnz
     assert cooA.rowidx.numel() == nnz
     assert cooA.colidx.numel() == nnz
     assert cooA.values.numel() == nnz
-    assert cooA.cols == B.shape[0], f'{cooA.cols} vs {B.shape}'
+    assert cooA.cols == B.shape[0], f"{cooA.cols} vs {B.shape}"
 
-    transposed_B = (False if B.is_contiguous() else True)
+    transposed_B = False if B.is_contiguous() else True
 
     ldb = B.stride()[(1 if transposed_B else 0)]
     ldc = B.shape[1]
@@ -1262,7 +1782,9 @@ def spmm_coo_very_sparse(cooA, B, dequant_stats=None, out=None):
     max_count, max_idx = torch.sort(counts, descending=True)
     max_idx = max_idx.int()
     max_count = max_count.int()
-    assert max_count[0] <= 32, f'Current max count per row is 8 but found {max_count[0]}.'
+    assert (
+        max_count[0] <= 32
+    ), f"Current max count per row is 8 but found {max_count[0]}."
     assert B.dtype in [torch.float16, torch.int8]
     ptrOffset = get_ptr(offset)
     ptrMaxCount = get_ptr(max_count)
@@ -1282,134 +1804,183 @@ def spmm_coo_very_sparse(cooA, B, dequant_stats=None, out=None):
     ccolsB = ct.c_int32(B.shape[1])
     cldb = ct.c_int32(ldb)
     cldc = ct.c_int32(ldc)
-    #print(cooA.rowidx[:64])
-    #print(cooA.colidx[:64].sort()[0])
+    # print(cooA.rowidx[:64])
+    # print(cooA.colidx[:64].sort()[0])
 
     if B.dtype == torch.float16:
-        lib.cspmm_coo_very_sparse_naive_fp16(ptrMaxCount, ptrMaxIdx, ptrOffset, ptrRowidx, ptrColidx, ptrValues, ptrB, ptrC, ptrDequantStats, cnnz_rows, cnnz, crowsA, crowsB, ccolsB)
+        lib.cspmm_coo_very_sparse_naive_fp16(
+            ptrMaxCount,
+            ptrMaxIdx,
+            ptrOffset,
+            ptrRowidx,
+            ptrColidx,
+            ptrValues,
+            ptrB,
+            ptrC,
+            ptrDequantStats,
+            cnnz_rows,
+            cnnz,
+            crowsA,
+            crowsB,
+            ccolsB,
+        )
     elif B.dtype == torch.int8:
-        lib.cspmm_coo_very_sparse_naive_int8(ptrMaxCount, ptrMaxIdx, ptrOffset, ptrRowidx, ptrColidx, ptrValues, ptrB, ptrC, ptrDequantStats, cnnz_rows, cnnz, crowsA, crowsB, ccolsB)
-    #else: assertion error
+        lib.cspmm_coo_very_sparse_naive_int8(
+            ptrMaxCount,
+            ptrMaxIdx,
+            ptrOffset,
+            ptrRowidx,
+            ptrColidx,
+            ptrValues,
+            ptrB,
+            ptrC,
+            ptrDequantStats,
+            cnnz_rows,
+            cnnz,
+            crowsA,
+            crowsB,
+            ccolsB,
+        )
+    # else: assertion error
 
     return out
 
 
 C = 127.0
 
-def vectorwise_quant(x, dim=1, quant_type='vector'):
-    if quant_type == 'linear':
+
+def vectorwise_quant(x, dim=1, quant_type="vector"):
+    if quant_type == "linear":
         max1 = torch.abs(x).max().float()
-        xq = torch.round(x/max1*127).to(torch.int8)
+        xq = torch.round(x / max1 * 127).to(torch.int8)
         return xq, max1
-    elif quant_type in ['vector', 'row']:
+    elif quant_type in ["vector", "row"]:
         max1 = torch.amax(torch.abs(x), dim=dim, keepdim=True)
-        xq = torch.round(x*(C/max1)).to(torch.int8)
+        xq = torch.round(x * (C / max1)).to(torch.int8)
         return xq, max1
-    elif quant_type == 'zeropoint':
+    elif quant_type == "zeropoint":
         dtype = x.dtype
         x = x.float()
         dyna = x.max() - x.min()
-        if dyna == 0: dyna = 1
-        qx = 255./dyna
+        if dyna == 0:
+            dyna = 1
+        qx = 255.0 / dyna
         minx = x.min()
-        zpx = torch.round(minx* qx)
-        x = torch.round(qx*x - zpx) + zpx
+        zpx = torch.round(minx * qx)
+        x = torch.round(qx * x - zpx) + zpx
         return x, qx
-    elif quant_type in ['vector-zeropoint', 'row-zeropoint']:
+    elif quant_type in ["vector-zeropoint", "row-zeropoint"]:
         dtype = x.dtype
         x = x.float()
-        dyna = (torch.amax(x, dim=dim, keepdim=True) - torch.amin(x, dim=dim, keepdim=True))
-        dyna[dyna==0] = 1
-        qx = 255./dyna
+        dyna = torch.amax(x, dim=dim, keepdim=True) - torch.amin(
+            x, dim=dim, keepdim=True
+        )
+        dyna[dyna == 0] = 1
+        qx = 255.0 / dyna
         minx = torch.amin(x, dim=dim, keepdim=True)
-        zpx = torch.round(minx* qx)
-        x = torch.round(qx*x - zpx) + zpx
+        zpx = torch.round(minx * qx)
+        x = torch.round(qx * x - zpx) + zpx
         return x, qx
-    elif quant_type == 'truncated-vector':
+    elif quant_type == "truncated-vector":
         with torch.no_grad():
             absx = torch.abs(x)
             max1 = torch.amax(absx, dim=dim, keepdim=True)
-            max1 = max1*0.7
-            idx = (absx > max1.expand_as(absx))
+            max1 = max1 * 0.7
+            idx = absx > max1.expand_as(absx)
             sign = torch.sign(x[idx])
-            x[idx] = max1.expand_as(absx)[idx]*sign
-            xq = torch.round(x/max1*C).to(torch.int8)
+            x[idx] = max1.expand_as(absx)[idx] * sign
+            xq = torch.round(x / max1 * C).to(torch.int8)
         return xq, max1
-    else: return None
+    else:
+        return None
+
 
-def vectorwise_dequant(xq, max1, quant_type='vector'):
-    if quant_type == 'vector':
-        x = (xq/C*max1).to(torch.float32)
+def vectorwise_dequant(xq, max1, quant_type="vector"):
+    if quant_type == "vector":
+        x = (xq / C * max1).to(torch.float32)
         return x
-    else: return None
+    else:
+        return None
 
-def vectorwise_mm_dequant(xq, S1, S2, dtype=torch.half, quant_type='vector'):
-    if quant_type == 'linear':
-        norm = S1*S2/(C*C)
+
+def vectorwise_mm_dequant(xq, S1, S2, dtype=torch.half, quant_type="vector"):
+    if quant_type == "linear":
+        norm = S1 * S2 / (C * C)
         # double cast needed to prevent overflows
-        return (xq.float()*norm).to(dtype)
-    elif quant_type == 'zeropoint':
-        norm = 1.0/(S1*S2)
-        return (xq.float()*norm).to(dtype)
-    elif quant_type == 'row-zeropoint':
-        norm = 1.0/(S1*S2)
+        return (xq.float() * norm).to(dtype)
+    elif quant_type == "zeropoint":
+        norm = 1.0 / (S1 * S2)
+        return (xq.float() * norm).to(dtype)
+    elif quant_type == "row-zeropoint":
+        norm = 1.0 / (S1 * S2)
         x = xq.float()
-        if len(S1.shape) == 3 and len(x.shape) == 2: S1 = S1.squeeze(0)
-        if len(S2.shape) == 3 and len(x.shape) == 2: S2 = S2.squeeze(0)
+        if len(S1.shape) == 3 and len(x.shape) == 2:
+            S1 = S1.squeeze(0)
+        if len(S2.shape) == 3 and len(x.shape) == 2:
+            S2 = S2.squeeze(0)
         if len(S1.shape) == 2:
             x *= norm
         else:
             x *= norm
         return x.to(dtype)
-    elif quant_type == 'vector-zeropoint':
+    elif quant_type == "vector-zeropoint":
         x = xq.float()
-        if len(S1.shape) == 3 and len(x.shape) == 2: S1 = S1.squeeze(0)
-        if len(S2.shape) == 3 and len(x.shape) == 2: S2 = S2.squeeze(0)
+        if len(S1.shape) == 3 and len(x.shape) == 2:
+            S1 = S1.squeeze(0)
+        if len(S2.shape) == 3 and len(x.shape) == 2:
+            S2 = S2.squeeze(0)
         if len(S1.shape) == 2:
-            x *= 1.0/S1
+            x *= 1.0 / S1
         else:
-            x *= 1.0/S1
-        x *= 1.0/S2.t()
+            x *= 1.0 / S1
+        x *= 1.0 / S2.t()
         return x.to(dtype)
-    elif quant_type == 'row':
+    elif quant_type == "row":
         x = xq.float()
-        if len(S1.shape) == 3 and len(x.shape) == 2: S1 = S1.squeeze(0)
-        if len(S2.shape) == 3 and len(x.shape) == 2: S2 = S2.squeeze(0)
+        if len(S1.shape) == 3 and len(x.shape) == 2:
+            S1 = S1.squeeze(0)
+        if len(S2.shape) == 3 and len(x.shape) == 2:
+            S2 = S2.squeeze(0)
         if len(S1.shape) == 2:
-            x *= S1*S2/(C*C)
+            x *= S1 * S2 / (C * C)
         else:
-            x *= S1*S2/(C*C)
+            x *= S1 * S2 / (C * C)
         return x.to(dtype)
-    elif quant_type in ['truncated-vector', 'vector']:
+    elif quant_type in ["truncated-vector", "vector"]:
         x = xq.float()
-        if len(S1.shape) == 3 and len(x.shape) == 2: S1 = S1.squeeze(0)
-        if len(S2.shape) == 3 and len(x.shape) == 2: S2 = S2.squeeze(0)
+        if len(S1.shape) == 3 and len(x.shape) == 2:
+            S1 = S1.squeeze(0)
+        if len(S2.shape) == 3 and len(x.shape) == 2:
+            S2 = S2.squeeze(0)
         if len(S1.shape) == 2:
-            x *= S1/C
+            x *= S1 / C
         else:
-            x *= S1/C
-        x *= S2/C
+            x *= S1 / C
+        x *= S2 / C
         return x.to(dtype)
-    else: return None
+    else:
+        return None
 
 
 def dequant_min_max(xq, A, B, SA, SB, dtype=torch.half):
-    offset = B.float().t().sum(0)*(SA[0]+SA[1])
+    offset = B.float().t().sum(0) * (SA[0] + SA[1])
     x = xq.float()
-    if len(xq.shape) == 2 and len(SB.shape) == 3: SB = SB.squeeze(0)
+    if len(xq.shape) == 2 and len(SB.shape) == 3:
+        SB = SB.squeeze(0)
     if len(SB.shape) == 2:
-        x *= SB.t()/127
+        x *= SB.t() / 127
     else:
-        x *= SB/127
-    x *= SA[1]/127
-    x +=offset
+        x *= SB / 127
+    x *= SA[1] / 127
+    x += offset
     return x.to(dtype)
 
+
 def extract_outliers(A, SA, idx):
     shapeA = SA[0]
     formatA = SA[1]
-    assert formatA in ['col_turing', 'col_ampere']
-    assert A.device.type == 'cuda'
+    assert formatA in ["col_turing", "col_ampere"]
+    assert A.device.type == "cuda"
 
     out = torch.zeros((shapeA[0], idx.numel()), dtype=torch.int8, device=A.device)
 
@@ -1420,13 +1991,9 @@ def extract_outliers(A, SA, idx):
     ptrIdx = get_ptr(idx)
     ptrOut = get_ptr(out)
 
-    if formatA == 'col_turing':
+    if formatA == "col_turing":
         lib.cextractOutliers_turing(ptrA, ptrIdx, ptrOut, idx_size, rows, cols)
-    elif formatA == 'col_ampere':
+    elif formatA == "col_ampere":
         lib.cextractOutliers_ampere(ptrA, ptrIdx, ptrOut, idx_size, rows, cols)
 
     return out
-
-
-
-
diff --git a/bitsandbytes/nn/__init__.py b/bitsandbytes/nn/__init__.py
index 03b4655..98d4aa0 100644
--- a/bitsandbytes/nn/__init__.py
+++ b/bitsandbytes/nn/__init__.py
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. 
-#   
-# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the 
+# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates.
+#
+# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
 # LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
-from .modules import StableEmbedding, Linear8bit, Linear8bitLt, Int8Params
+from .modules import Int8Params, Linear8bit, Linear8bitLt, StableEmbedding
diff --git a/bitsandbytes/nn/modules.py b/bitsandbytes/nn/modules.py
index 5013d0b..9ce3ac8 100644
--- a/bitsandbytes/nn/modules.py
+++ b/bitsandbytes/nn/modules.py
@@ -1,39 +1,59 @@
-# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. 
-#   
-# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the 
+# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates.
+#
+# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
 # LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
-import torch
-import bitsandbytes as bnb
+from typing import (Any, Callable, Dict, Iterator, Mapping, Optional, Set,
+                    Tuple, TypeVar, Union, overload)
 
-from typing import Union, Tuple, Any, Callable, Iterator, Set, Optional, overload, TypeVar, Mapping, Dict
-
-from torch import Tensor, device, dtype
-from torch import nn
-from torch.nn.parameter import Parameter
+import torch
 import torch.nn.functional as F
+from torch import Tensor, device, dtype, nn
+from torch.nn.parameter import Parameter
 
+import bitsandbytes as bnb
 from bitsandbytes.optim import GlobalOptimManager
 
-T = TypeVar('T', bound='torch.nn.Module')
+T = TypeVar("T", bound="torch.nn.Module")
+
 
 class StableEmbedding(torch.nn.Embedding):
-    def __init__(self, num_embeddings: int, embedding_dim: int, padding_idx: Optional[int] = None,
-                 max_norm: Optional[float] = None, norm_type: float = 2., scale_grad_by_freq: bool = False,
-                 sparse: bool = False, _weight: Optional[Tensor] = None) -> None:
-        super(StableEmbedding, self).__init__(num_embeddings, embedding_dim, padding_idx, max_norm, norm_type, scale_grad_by_freq, sparse, _weight)
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        num_embeddings: int,
+        embedding_dim: int,
+        padding_idx: Optional[int] = None,
+        max_norm: Optional[float] = None,
+        norm_type: float = 2.0,
+        scale_grad_by_freq: bool = False,
+        sparse: bool = False,
+        _weight: Optional[Tensor] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        super(StableEmbedding, self).__init__(
+            num_embeddings,
+            embedding_dim,
+            padding_idx,
+            max_norm,
+            norm_type,
+            scale_grad_by_freq,
+            sparse,
+            _weight,
+        )
         self.norm = torch.nn.LayerNorm(embedding_dim)
-        GlobalOptimManager.get_instance().register_module_override(self, 'weight', {'optim_bits': 32})
+        GlobalOptimManager.get_instance().register_module_override(
+            self, "weight", {"optim_bits": 32}
+        )
 
     def reset_parameters(self) -> None:
         torch.nn.init.xavier_uniform_(self.weight)
         self._fill_padding_idx_with_zero()
 
-    ''' !!! This is a redefinition of _fill_padding_idx_with_zero in torch.nn.Embedding
+    """ !!! This is a redefinition of _fill_padding_idx_with_zero in torch.nn.Embedding
         to make the Layer compatible with Pytorch < 1.9.
         This means that if this changes in future PyTorch releases this need to change too
         which is cumbersome. However, with this we can ensure compatibility with previous
         PyTorch releases.
-    '''
+    """
+
     def _fill_padding_idx_with_zero(self) -> None:
         if self.padding_idx is not None:
             with torch.no_grad():
@@ -41,29 +61,55 @@ class StableEmbedding(torch.nn.Embedding):
 
     def forward(self, input: Tensor) -> Tensor:
         emb = F.embedding(
-            input, self.weight, self.padding_idx, self.max_norm,
-            self.norm_type, self.scale_grad_by_freq, self.sparse)
+            input,
+            self.weight,
+            self.padding_idx,
+            self.max_norm,
+            self.norm_type,
+            self.scale_grad_by_freq,
+            self.sparse,
+        )
 
         return self.norm(emb)
 
 
 class Embedding(torch.nn.Embedding):
-    def __init__(self, num_embeddings: int, embedding_dim: int, padding_idx: Optional[int] = None,
-                 max_norm: Optional[float] = None, norm_type: float = 2., scale_grad_by_freq: bool = False,
-                 sparse: bool = False, _weight: Optional[Tensor] = None) -> None:
-        super(Embedding, self).__init__(num_embeddings, embedding_dim, padding_idx, max_norm, norm_type, scale_grad_by_freq, sparse, _weight)
-        GlobalOptimManager.get_instance().register_module_override(self, 'weight', {'optim_bits': 32})
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        num_embeddings: int,
+        embedding_dim: int,
+        padding_idx: Optional[int] = None,
+        max_norm: Optional[float] = None,
+        norm_type: float = 2.0,
+        scale_grad_by_freq: bool = False,
+        sparse: bool = False,
+        _weight: Optional[Tensor] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        super(Embedding, self).__init__(
+            num_embeddings,
+            embedding_dim,
+            padding_idx,
+            max_norm,
+            norm_type,
+            scale_grad_by_freq,
+            sparse,
+            _weight,
+        )
+        GlobalOptimManager.get_instance().register_module_override(
+            self, "weight", {"optim_bits": 32}
+        )
 
     def reset_parameters(self) -> None:
         torch.nn.init.xavier_uniform_(self.weight)
         self._fill_padding_idx_with_zero()
 
-    ''' !!! This is a redefinition of _fill_padding_idx_with_zero in torch.nn.Embedding
+    """ !!! This is a redefinition of _fill_padding_idx_with_zero in torch.nn.Embedding
         to make the Layer compatible with Pytorch < 1.9.
         This means that if this changes in future PyTorch releases this need to change too
         which is cumbersome. However, with this we can ensure compatibility with previous
         PyTorch releases.
-    '''
+    """
+
     def _fill_padding_idx_with_zero(self) -> None:
         if self.padding_idx is not None:
             with torch.no_grad():
@@ -71,13 +117,22 @@ class Embedding(torch.nn.Embedding):
 
     def forward(self, input: Tensor) -> Tensor:
         emb = F.embedding(
-            input, self.weight, self.padding_idx, self.max_norm,
-            self.norm_type, self.scale_grad_by_freq, self.sparse)
+            input,
+            self.weight,
+            self.padding_idx,
+            self.max_norm,
+            self.norm_type,
+            self.scale_grad_by_freq,
+            self.sparse,
+        )
 
         return emb
 
+
 class Int8Params(torch.nn.Parameter):
-    def __new__(cls, data=None, requires_grad=True, has_fp16_weights=False, CB=None, SCB=None):
+    def __new__(
+        cls, data=None, requires_grad=True, has_fp16_weights=False, CB=None, SCB=None
+    ):
         cls.has_fp16_weights = has_fp16_weights
         cls.CB = None
         cls.SCB = None
@@ -96,14 +151,18 @@ class Int8Params(torch.nn.Parameter):
             del CBt
             del SCBt
             self.data = CB
-            setattr(self, 'CB', CB)
-            setattr(self, 'SCB', SCB)
+            setattr(self, "CB", CB)
+            setattr(self, "SCB", SCB)
 
         return self
 
     @overload
-    def to(self: T, device: Optional[Union[int, device]] = ..., dtype: Optional[Union[dtype, str]] = ...,
-           non_blocking: bool = ...) -> T:
+    def to(
+        self: T,
+        device: Optional[Union[int, device]] = ...,
+        dtype: Optional[Union[dtype, str]] = ...,
+        non_blocking: bool = ...,
+    ) -> T:
         ...
 
     @overload
@@ -115,23 +174,41 @@ class Int8Params(torch.nn.Parameter):
         ...
 
     def to(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        device, dtype, non_blocking, convert_to_format = torch._C._nn._parse_to(*args, **kwargs)
-
-        if device is not None and device.type == 'cuda' and self.data.device.type == 'cpu': return self.cuda(device)
+        device, dtype, non_blocking, convert_to_format = torch._C._nn._parse_to(
+            *args, **kwargs
+        )
+
+        if (
+            device is not None
+            and device.type == "cuda"
+            and self.data.device.type == "cpu"
+        ):
+            return self.cuda(device)
         else:
-            new_param = Int8Params(super().to(device=device, dtype=dtype, non_blocking=non_blocking), requires_grad=self.requires_grad, has_fp16_weights=self.has_fp16_weights)
+            new_param = Int8Params(
+                super().to(device=device, dtype=dtype, non_blocking=non_blocking),
+                requires_grad=self.requires_grad,
+                has_fp16_weights=self.has_fp16_weights,
+            )
             new_param.CB = self.CB
             new_param.SCB = self.SCB
 
             return new_param
 
 
-
 class Linear8bitLt(nn.Linear):
-    def __init__(self, input_features, output_features, bias=True, has_fp16_weights=True, threshold=0.0, index=None):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        input_features,
+        output_features,
+        bias=True,
+        has_fp16_weights=True,
+        threshold=0.0,
+        index=None,
+    ):
         super(Linear8bitLt, self).__init__(input_features, output_features, bias)
         self.state = bnb.MatmulLtState()
-        self.index=index
+        self.index = index
 
         self.state.threshold = threshold
         self.state.has_fp16_weights = has_fp16_weights
@@ -149,9 +226,10 @@ class Linear8bitLt(nn.Linear):
     def forward(self, x):
         self.state.is_training = self.training
 
-        if self.weight.CB is not None: self.init_8bit_state()
-        #assert not self.state.has_fp16_weights
-        #if not self.state.has_fp16_weights: assert self.state.CB is not None or self.state.CxB is not None
+        if self.weight.CB is not None:
+            self.init_8bit_state()
+        # assert not self.state.has_fp16_weights
+        # if not self.state.has_fp16_weights: assert self.state.CB is not None or self.state.CxB is not None
 
         out = bnb.matmul(x, self.weight, state=self.state)
 
@@ -166,8 +244,18 @@ class Linear8bitLt(nn.Linear):
 
         return out
 
+
 class Linear8bit(nn.Linear):
-    def __init__(self, input_features, output_features, bias=True, quant_type='vector', index=None, args=None, sparse_decomp=False):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        input_features,
+        output_features,
+        bias=True,
+        quant_type="vector",
+        index=None,
+        args=None,
+        sparse_decomp=False,
+    ):
         super(Linear8bit, self).__init__(input_features, output_features, bias)
         self.quant_type = quant_type
         self.index = index
@@ -178,15 +266,24 @@ class Linear8bit(nn.Linear):
         self.iter += 1
         if self.iter % self.args.clip_freq == 0:
             with torch.no_grad():
-                maxval, maxidx = torch.topk(torch.abs(self.weight.flatten()), k=self.args.clip_idx)
+                maxval, maxidx = torch.topk(
+                    torch.abs(self.weight.flatten()), k=self.args.clip_idx
+                )
                 if not dist.is_initialized() or dist.get_rank() == 0:
-                    print('clip', maxval[-1].item())
+                    print("clip", maxval[-1].item())
                 self.weight.clip_(-maxval[-1], maxval[-1])
 
-
         if self.args is not None:
-            out = bnb.nn.functional.sparse_decomposed_linear8bit(x, self.weight, self.bias, qval=self.args.sparse_decomp_val, quant_type=self.args.quant_type)
+            out = bnb.nn.functional.sparse_decomposed_linear8bit(
+                x,
+                self.weight,
+                self.bias,
+                qval=self.args.sparse_decomp_val,
+                quant_type=self.args.quant_type,
+            )
         else:
-            out = bnb.nn.functional.linear8bit(x, self.weight, self.bias, quant_type=self.args.quant_type)
+            out = bnb.nn.functional.linear8bit(
+                x, self.weight, self.bias, quant_type=self.args.quant_type
+            )
 
         return out
diff --git a/bitsandbytes/optim/__init__.py b/bitsandbytes/optim/__init__.py
index 42b5bc0..a76d717 100644
--- a/bitsandbytes/optim/__init__.py
+++ b/bitsandbytes/optim/__init__.py
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. 
-#   
-# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the 
+# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates.
+#
+# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
 # LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
 
 from bitsandbytes.cextension import COMPILED_WITH_CUDA
diff --git a/bitsandbytes/optim/adagrad.py b/bitsandbytes/optim/adagrad.py
index 4f51250..43e3973 100644
--- a/bitsandbytes/optim/adagrad.py
+++ b/bitsandbytes/optim/adagrad.py
@@ -1,12 +1,25 @@
-# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. 
-#   
-# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the 
+# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates.
+#
+# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
 # LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
 from bitsandbytes.optim.optimizer import Optimizer1State
 
+
 class Adagrad(Optimizer1State):
-    def __init__(self, params, lr=1e-2, lr_decay=0, weight_decay=0, initial_accumulator_value=0, eps=1e-10,
-            optim_bits=32, args=None, min_8bit_size=4096, percentile_clipping=100, block_wise=True):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        params,
+        lr=1e-2,
+        lr_decay=0,
+        weight_decay=0,
+        initial_accumulator_value=0,
+        eps=1e-10,
+        optim_bits=32,
+        args=None,
+        min_8bit_size=4096,
+        percentile_clipping=100,
+        block_wise=True,
+    ):
         if not 0.0 <= lr:
             raise ValueError("Invalid learning rate: {}".format(lr))
         if not 0.0 <= weight_decay:
@@ -14,15 +27,39 @@ class Adagrad(Optimizer1State):
         if not 0.0 <= eps:
             raise ValueError("Invalid epsilon value: {}".format(eps))
         if initial_accumulator_value != 0.0:
-            raise ValueError('Initial accumulator value != 0.0 not supported!')
+            raise ValueError("Initial accumulator value != 0.0 not supported!")
         if lr_decay != 0.0:
-            raise ValueError('Lr Decay != 0.0 not supported!')
-        super(Adagrad, self).__init__('adagrad', params, lr, (0.0, 0.0), eps,
-                weight_decay, optim_bits, args, min_8bit_size, percentile_clipping, block_wise)
+            raise ValueError("Lr Decay != 0.0 not supported!")
+        super(Adagrad, self).__init__(
+            "adagrad",
+            params,
+            lr,
+            (0.0, 0.0),
+            eps,
+            weight_decay,
+            optim_bits,
+            args,
+            min_8bit_size,
+            percentile_clipping,
+            block_wise,
+        )
+
 
 class Adagrad8bit(Optimizer1State):
-    def __init__(self, params, lr=1e-2, lr_decay=0, weight_decay=0, initial_accumulator_value=0, eps=1e-10,
-            optim_bits=8, args=None, min_8bit_size=4096, percentile_clipping=100, block_wise=True):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        params,
+        lr=1e-2,
+        lr_decay=0,
+        weight_decay=0,
+        initial_accumulator_value=0,
+        eps=1e-10,
+        optim_bits=8,
+        args=None,
+        min_8bit_size=4096,
+        percentile_clipping=100,
+        block_wise=True,
+    ):
         if not 0.0 <= lr:
             raise ValueError("Invalid learning rate: {}".format(lr))
         if not 0.0 <= weight_decay:
@@ -30,16 +67,40 @@ class Adagrad8bit(Optimizer1State):
         if not 0.0 <= eps:
             raise ValueError("Invalid epsilon value: {}".format(eps))
         if initial_accumulator_value != 0.0:
-            raise ValueError('Initial accumulator value != 0.0 not supported!')
+            raise ValueError("Initial accumulator value != 0.0 not supported!")
         if lr_decay != 0.0:
-            raise ValueError('Lr Decay != 0.0 not supported!')
+            raise ValueError("Lr Decay != 0.0 not supported!")
         assert block_wise
-        super(Adagrad8bit, self).__init__('adagrad', params, lr, (0.0, 0.0), eps,
-                weight_decay, 8, args, min_8bit_size, percentile_clipping, block_wise)
+        super(Adagrad8bit, self).__init__(
+            "adagrad",
+            params,
+            lr,
+            (0.0, 0.0),
+            eps,
+            weight_decay,
+            8,
+            args,
+            min_8bit_size,
+            percentile_clipping,
+            block_wise,
+        )
+
 
 class Adagrad32bit(Optimizer1State):
-    def __init__(self, params, lr=1e-2, lr_decay=0, weight_decay=0, initial_accumulator_value=0, eps=1e-10,
-            optim_bits=32, args=None, min_8bit_size=4096, percentile_clipping=100, block_wise=True):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        params,
+        lr=1e-2,
+        lr_decay=0,
+        weight_decay=0,
+        initial_accumulator_value=0,
+        eps=1e-10,
+        optim_bits=32,
+        args=None,
+        min_8bit_size=4096,
+        percentile_clipping=100,
+        block_wise=True,
+    ):
         if not 0.0 <= lr:
             raise ValueError("Invalid learning rate: {}".format(lr))
         if not 0.0 <= weight_decay:
@@ -47,8 +108,19 @@ class Adagrad32bit(Optimizer1State):
         if not 0.0 <= eps:
             raise ValueError("Invalid epsilon value: {}".format(eps))
         if initial_accumulator_value != 0.0:
-            raise ValueError('Initial accumulator value != 0.0 not supported!')
+            raise ValueError("Initial accumulator value != 0.0 not supported!")
         if lr_decay != 0.0:
-            raise ValueError('Lr Decay != 0.0 not supported!')
-        super(Adagrad32bit, self).__init__('adagrad', params, lr, (0.0, 0.0), eps,
-                weight_decay, 32, args, min_8bit_size, percentile_clipping, block_wise)
+            raise ValueError("Lr Decay != 0.0 not supported!")
+        super(Adagrad32bit, self).__init__(
+            "adagrad",
+            params,
+            lr,
+            (0.0, 0.0),
+            eps,
+            weight_decay,
+            32,
+            args,
+            min_8bit_size,
+            percentile_clipping,
+            block_wise,
+        )
diff --git a/bitsandbytes/optim/adam.py b/bitsandbytes/optim/adam.py
index ed1b9f0..5cfaa28 100644
--- a/bitsandbytes/optim/adam.py
+++ b/bitsandbytes/optim/adam.py
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. 
-#   
-# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the 
+# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates.
+#
+# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
 # LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
 
 import math
@@ -8,29 +8,97 @@ import os
 
 import torch
 import torch.distributed as dist
-from bitsandbytes.optim.optimizer import Optimizer2State
+
 import bitsandbytes.functional as F
+from bitsandbytes.optim.optimizer import Optimizer2State
+
 
 class Adam(Optimizer2State):
-    def __init__(self, params, lr=1e-3, betas=(0.9, 0.999), eps=1e-8,
-            weight_decay=0, amsgrad=False, optim_bits=32, args=None,
-            min_8bit_size=4096, percentile_clipping=100, block_wise=True):
-        super(Adam, self).__init__('adam', params, lr, betas, eps,
-                weight_decay, optim_bits, args, min_8bit_size, percentile_clipping, block_wise)
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        params,
+        lr=1e-3,
+        betas=(0.9, 0.999),
+        eps=1e-8,
+        weight_decay=0,
+        amsgrad=False,
+        optim_bits=32,
+        args=None,
+        min_8bit_size=4096,
+        percentile_clipping=100,
+        block_wise=True,
+    ):
+        super(Adam, self).__init__(
+            "adam",
+            params,
+            lr,
+            betas,
+            eps,
+            weight_decay,
+            optim_bits,
+            args,
+            min_8bit_size,
+            percentile_clipping,
+            block_wise,
+        )
+
 
 class Adam8bit(Optimizer2State):
-    def __init__(self, params, lr=1e-3, betas=(0.9, 0.999), eps=1e-8,
-            weight_decay=0, amsgrad=False, args=None,
-            min_8bit_size=4096, percentile_clipping=100, block_wise=True):
-        super(Adam8bit, self).__init__('adam', params, lr, betas, eps,
-                weight_decay, 8, args, min_8bit_size, percentile_clipping, block_wise)
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        params,
+        lr=1e-3,
+        betas=(0.9, 0.999),
+        eps=1e-8,
+        weight_decay=0,
+        amsgrad=False,
+        args=None,
+        min_8bit_size=4096,
+        percentile_clipping=100,
+        block_wise=True,
+    ):
+        super(Adam8bit, self).__init__(
+            "adam",
+            params,
+            lr,
+            betas,
+            eps,
+            weight_decay,
+            8,
+            args,
+            min_8bit_size,
+            percentile_clipping,
+            block_wise,
+        )
+
 
 class Adam32bit(Optimizer2State):
-    def __init__(self, params, lr=1e-3, betas=(0.9, 0.999), eps=1e-8,
-            weight_decay=0, amsgrad=False, args=None,
-            min_8bit_size=4096, percentile_clipping=100, block_wise=True):
-        super(Adam32bit, self).__init__('adam', params, lr, betas, eps,
-                weight_decay, 32, args, min_8bit_size, percentile_clipping, block_wise)
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        params,
+        lr=1e-3,
+        betas=(0.9, 0.999),
+        eps=1e-8,
+        weight_decay=0,
+        amsgrad=False,
+        args=None,
+        min_8bit_size=4096,
+        percentile_clipping=100,
+        block_wise=True,
+    ):
+        super(Adam32bit, self).__init__(
+            "adam",
+            params,
+            lr,
+            betas,
+            eps,
+            weight_decay,
+            32,
+            args,
+            min_8bit_size,
+            percentile_clipping,
+            block_wise,
+        )
 
 
 class AnalysisAdam(torch.optim.Optimizer):
@@ -68,8 +136,8 @@ class AnalysisAdam(torch.optim.Optimizer):
         eps=1e-8,
         weight_decay=0,
         amsgrad=False,
-        bnb_analysis='dynamic-blockwise',
-        savedir=None
+        bnb_analysis="dynamic-blockwise",
+        savedir=None,
     ):
         defaults = dict(
             lr=lr, betas=betas, eps=eps, weight_decay=weight_decay, amsgrad=amsgrad
@@ -124,9 +192,13 @@ class AnalysisAdam(torch.optim.Optimizer):
                     state["exp_avg"] = torch.zeros_like(p_data_fp32)
                     # Exponential moving average of squared gradient values
                     state["exp_avg_sq"] = torch.zeros_like(p_data_fp32)
-                    state['abserrors'] = torch.zeros((256, 256), device=p_data_fp32.device)
-                    state['relerrors'] = torch.zeros((256, 256), device=p_data_fp32.device)
-                    state['counts'] = torch.zeros((256, 256), device=p_data_fp32.device)
+                    state["abserrors"] = torch.zeros(
+                        (256, 256), device=p_data_fp32.device
+                    )
+                    state["relerrors"] = torch.zeros(
+                        (256, 256), device=p_data_fp32.device
+                    )
+                    state["counts"] = torch.zeros((256, 256), device=p_data_fp32.device)
                     if amsgrad:
                         # Maintains max of all exp. moving avg. of sq. grad. values
                         state["max_exp_avg_sq"] = torch.zeros_like(p_data_fp32)
@@ -143,9 +215,9 @@ class AnalysisAdam(torch.optim.Optimizer):
                 bias_correction1 = 1 - beta1 ** state["step"]
                 bias_correction2 = 1 - beta2 ** state["step"]
                 step_size = group["lr"] * math.sqrt(bias_correction2) / bias_correction1
-                e = state['abserrors']
-                rele = state['relerrors']
-                counts = state['counts']
+                e = state["abserrors"]
+                rele = state["relerrors"]
+                counts = state["counts"]
 
                 if group["weight_decay"] != 0:
                     p_data_fp32.add_(
@@ -156,77 +228,84 @@ class AnalysisAdam(torch.optim.Optimizer):
                 if amsgrad:
                     max_exp_avg_sq = state["max_exp_avg_sq"]
 
-
                 # Decay the first and second moment running average coefficient
                 exp_avg.mul_(beta1).add_(grad, alpha=1 - beta1)
                 exp_avg_sq.mul_(beta2).addcmul_(grad, grad, value=1 - beta2)
 
                 denom = exp_avg_sq.sqrt().add_(group["eps"])
-                update_fp32 = exp_avg/denom
+                update_fp32 = exp_avg / denom
 
-                if p_data_fp32.numel() <= 8192 or p_data_fp32.numel() > 50000*1000:
+                if p_data_fp32.numel() <= 8192 or p_data_fp32.numel() > 50000 * 1000:
                     # embedding layer or too small
-                    p_data_fp32 += -step_size*update_fp32
+                    p_data_fp32 += -step_size * update_fp32
                 else:
-                    if self.analysis == 'dynamic-blockwise':
+                    if self.analysis == "dynamic-blockwise":
                         code1 = F.create_dynamic_map(signed=True).to(p.device)
                         code2 = F.create_dynamic_map(signed=False).to(p.device)
                         C1, S1 = F.quantize_blockwise(exp_avg, code=code1)
                         state1 = F.dequantize_blockwise(C1, S1)
                         C2, S2 = F.quantize_blockwise(exp_avg_sq, code=code2)
                         state2 = F.dequantize_blockwise(C2, S2)
-                    elif self.analysis == 'dynamic':
+                    elif self.analysis == "dynamic":
                         code1 = F.create_dynamic_map(signed=True).to(p.device)
                         code2 = F.create_dynamic_map(signed=False).to(p.device)
                         C1, S1 = F.quantize(exp_avg, code=code1)
                         state1 = F.dequantize(C1, S1)
                         C2, S2 = F.quantize(exp_avg_sq, code=code2)
                         state2 = F.dequantize(C2, S2)
-                    elif self.analysis == 'linear':
+                    elif self.analysis == "linear":
                         code1 = F.create_linear_map(signed=True).to(p.device)
                         code2 = F.create_linear_map(signed=False).to(p.device)
                         C1, S1 = F.quantize(exp_avg, code=code1)
                         state1 = F.dequantize(C1, S1)
                         C2, S2 = F.quantize(exp_avg_sq, code=code2)
                         state2 = F.dequantize(C2, S2)
-                    elif self.analysis == 'quantile':
+                    elif self.analysis == "quantile":
                         code1 = F.estimate_quantiles(exp_avg)
                         code2 = F.estimate_quantiles(exp_avg_sq)
                         C1 = F.quantize_no_absmax(exp_avg, code=code1)
                         state1 = F.dequantize_no_absmax(C1, code1)
                         C2 = F.quantize_no_absmax(exp_avg_sq, code=code2)
                         state2 = F.dequantize_no_absmax(C2, code2)
-                    elif self.analysis == 'my-quantization-routine':
+                    elif self.analysis == "my-quantization-routine":
                         pass
                         # 1. get code
                         # 2. quantize
                         # 3. dequantize
                         # Error will be calculated automatically!
                     else:
-                        raise ValueError(f'Invalid analysis value: {self.analysis}!')
+                        raise ValueError(f"Invalid analysis value: {self.analysis}!")
 
                     denom = state2.sqrt().add_(group["eps"])
-                    update_8bit = state1/denom
+                    update_8bit = state1 / denom
 
-                    abserr = torch.abs(update_8bit-update_fp32)
-                    relerr = abserr/torch.abs(update_fp32+1e-6)
+                    abserr = torch.abs(update_8bit - update_fp32)
+                    relerr = abserr / torch.abs(update_fp32 + 1e-6)
 
                     C1, C2 = C1.int(), C2.int()
 
                     F.histogram_scatter_add_2d(e, C1.int(), C2.int(), abserr)
                     F.histogram_scatter_add_2d(rele, C1.int(), C2.int(), relerr)
-                    F.histogram_scatter_add_2d(counts, C1.int(), C2.int(), torch.ones_like(abserr))
-
-                    p_data_fp32 += -step_size*update_fp32
+                    F.histogram_scatter_add_2d(
+                        counts, C1.int(), C2.int(), torch.ones_like(abserr)
+                    )
 
+                    p_data_fp32 += -step_size * update_fp32
 
                     if not dist.is_initialized() or dist.get_rank() == 0:
-                        if self.savedir != '' and state['step'] % 100 == 0:
-                            if not os.path.exists(self.savedir): os.makedirs(self.savedir)
-                            shapestr = '_'.join([str(dim) for dim in p_data_fp32.shape])
-                            pathe = os.path.join(self.savedir, f'{p_id}_{shapestr}_abserr.pkl')
-                            pathrele = os.path.join(self.savedir, f'{p_id}_{shapestr}_relerr.pkl')
-                            pathcounts = os.path.join(self.savedir, f'{p_id}_{shapestr}_counts.pkl')
+                        if self.savedir != "" and state["step"] % 100 == 0:
+                            if not os.path.exists(self.savedir):
+                                os.makedirs(self.savedir)
+                            shapestr = "_".join([str(dim) for dim in p_data_fp32.shape])
+                            pathe = os.path.join(
+                                self.savedir, f"{p_id}_{shapestr}_abserr.pkl"
+                            )
+                            pathrele = os.path.join(
+                                self.savedir, f"{p_id}_{shapestr}_relerr.pkl"
+                            )
+                            pathcounts = os.path.join(
+                                self.savedir, f"{p_id}_{shapestr}_counts.pkl"
+                            )
                             torch.save(e, pathe)
                             torch.save(rele, pathrele)
                             torch.save(counts, pathcounts)
@@ -234,6 +313,4 @@ class AnalysisAdam(torch.optim.Optimizer):
                 if p.data.dtype in {torch.float16, torch.bfloat16}:
                     p.data.copy_(p_data_fp32)
 
-
-
         return loss
diff --git a/bitsandbytes/optim/adamw.py b/bitsandbytes/optim/adamw.py
index c4f0355..d0b3bde 100644
--- a/bitsandbytes/optim/adamw.py
+++ b/bitsandbytes/optim/adamw.py
@@ -1,27 +1,93 @@
-# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. 
-#   
-# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the 
+# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates.
+#
+# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
 # LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
 from bitsandbytes.optim.optimizer import Optimizer2State
 
+
 class AdamW(Optimizer2State):
-    def __init__(self, params, lr=1e-3, betas=(0.9, 0.999), eps=1e-8,
-            weight_decay=1e-2, amsgrad=False, optim_bits=32, args=None,
-            min_8bit_size=4096, percentile_clipping=100, block_wise=True):
-        super(AdamW, self).__init__('adam', params, lr, betas, eps,
-                weight_decay, optim_bits, args, min_8bit_size, percentile_clipping, block_wise)
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        params,
+        lr=1e-3,
+        betas=(0.9, 0.999),
+        eps=1e-8,
+        weight_decay=1e-2,
+        amsgrad=False,
+        optim_bits=32,
+        args=None,
+        min_8bit_size=4096,
+        percentile_clipping=100,
+        block_wise=True,
+    ):
+        super(AdamW, self).__init__(
+            "adam",
+            params,
+            lr,
+            betas,
+            eps,
+            weight_decay,
+            optim_bits,
+            args,
+            min_8bit_size,
+            percentile_clipping,
+            block_wise,
+        )
+
 
 class AdamW8bit(Optimizer2State):
-    def __init__(self, params, lr=1e-3, betas=(0.9, 0.999), eps=1e-8,
-            weight_decay=1e-2, amsgrad=False, args=None,
-            min_8bit_size=4096, percentile_clipping=100, block_wise=True):
-        super(AdamW8bit, self).__init__('adam', params, lr, betas, eps,
-                weight_decay, 8, args, min_8bit_size, percentile_clipping, block_wise)
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        params,
+        lr=1e-3,
+        betas=(0.9, 0.999),
+        eps=1e-8,
+        weight_decay=1e-2,
+        amsgrad=False,
+        args=None,
+        min_8bit_size=4096,
+        percentile_clipping=100,
+        block_wise=True,
+    ):
+        super(AdamW8bit, self).__init__(
+            "adam",
+            params,
+            lr,
+            betas,
+            eps,
+            weight_decay,
+            8,
+            args,
+            min_8bit_size,
+            percentile_clipping,
+            block_wise,
+        )
 
-class AdamW32bit(Optimizer2State):
-    def __init__(self, params, lr=1e-3, betas=(0.9, 0.999), eps=1e-8,
-            weight_decay=1e-2, amsgrad=False, args=None,
-            min_8bit_size=4096, percentile_clipping=100, block_wise=True):
-        super(AdamW32bit, self).__init__('adam', params, lr, betas, eps,
-                weight_decay, 32, args, min_8bit_size, percentile_clipping, block_wise)
 
+class AdamW32bit(Optimizer2State):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        params,
+        lr=1e-3,
+        betas=(0.9, 0.999),
+        eps=1e-8,
+        weight_decay=1e-2,
+        amsgrad=False,
+        args=None,
+        min_8bit_size=4096,
+        percentile_clipping=100,
+        block_wise=True,
+    ):
+        super(AdamW32bit, self).__init__(
+            "adam",
+            params,
+            lr,
+            betas,
+            eps,
+            weight_decay,
+            32,
+            args,
+            min_8bit_size,
+            percentile_clipping,
+            block_wise,
+        )
diff --git a/bitsandbytes/optim/lamb.py b/bitsandbytes/optim/lamb.py
index 58cc13d..8f365f7 100644
--- a/bitsandbytes/optim/lamb.py
+++ b/bitsandbytes/optim/lamb.py
@@ -1,28 +1,105 @@
-# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. 
-#   
-# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the 
+# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates.
+#
+# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
 # LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
 from bitsandbytes.optim.optimizer import Optimizer2State
 
+
 class LAMB(Optimizer2State):
-    def __init__(self, params, lr=1e-3, bias_correction=True, betas=(0.9, 0.999), eps=1e-8,
-            weight_decay=0, amsgrad=False, adam_w_mode=True, optim_bits=32, args=None,
-            min_8bit_size=4096, percentile_clipping=100, block_wise=False, max_unorm=1.0):
-        super(LAMB, self).__init__('lamb', params, lr, betas, eps,
-                weight_decay, optim_bits, args, min_8bit_size, percentile_clipping, block_wise, max_unorm=1.0)
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        params,
+        lr=1e-3,
+        bias_correction=True,
+        betas=(0.9, 0.999),
+        eps=1e-8,
+        weight_decay=0,
+        amsgrad=False,
+        adam_w_mode=True,
+        optim_bits=32,
+        args=None,
+        min_8bit_size=4096,
+        percentile_clipping=100,
+        block_wise=False,
+        max_unorm=1.0,
+    ):
+        super(LAMB, self).__init__(
+            "lamb",
+            params,
+            lr,
+            betas,
+            eps,
+            weight_decay,
+            optim_bits,
+            args,
+            min_8bit_size,
+            percentile_clipping,
+            block_wise,
+            max_unorm=1.0,
+        )
 
-class LAMB8bit(Optimizer2State):
-    def __init__(self, params, lr=1e-3, bias_correction=True, betas=(0.9, 0.999), eps=1e-8,
-            weight_decay=0, amsgrad=False, adam_w_mode=True, args=None,
-            min_8bit_size=4096, percentile_clipping=100, block_wise=False, max_unorm=1.0):
-        super(LAMB8bit, self).__init__('lamb', params, lr, betas, eps,
-                weight_decay, 8, args, min_8bit_size, percentile_clipping, block_wise, max_unorm=1.0)
 
-class LAMB32bit(Optimizer2State):
-    def __init__(self, params, lr=1e-3, bias_correction=True, betas=(0.9, 0.999), eps=1e-8,
-            weight_decay=0, amsgrad=False, adam_w_mode=True, args=None,
-            min_8bit_size=4096, percentile_clipping=100, block_wise=False, max_unorm=1.0):
-        super(LAMB32bit, self).__init__('lamb', params, lr, betas, eps,
-                weight_decay, 32, args, min_8bit_size, percentile_clipping, block_wise, max_unorm=1.0)
+class LAMB8bit(Optimizer2State):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        params,
+        lr=1e-3,
+        bias_correction=True,
+        betas=(0.9, 0.999),
+        eps=1e-8,
+        weight_decay=0,
+        amsgrad=False,
+        adam_w_mode=True,
+        args=None,
+        min_8bit_size=4096,
+        percentile_clipping=100,
+        block_wise=False,
+        max_unorm=1.0,
+    ):
+        super(LAMB8bit, self).__init__(
+            "lamb",
+            params,
+            lr,
+            betas,
+            eps,
+            weight_decay,
+            8,
+            args,
+            min_8bit_size,
+            percentile_clipping,
+            block_wise,
+            max_unorm=1.0,
+        )
 
 
+class LAMB32bit(Optimizer2State):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        params,
+        lr=1e-3,
+        bias_correction=True,
+        betas=(0.9, 0.999),
+        eps=1e-8,
+        weight_decay=0,
+        amsgrad=False,
+        adam_w_mode=True,
+        args=None,
+        min_8bit_size=4096,
+        percentile_clipping=100,
+        block_wise=False,
+        max_unorm=1.0,
+    ):
+        super(LAMB32bit, self).__init__(
+            "lamb",
+            params,
+            lr,
+            betas,
+            eps,
+            weight_decay,
+            32,
+            args,
+            min_8bit_size,
+            percentile_clipping,
+            block_wise,
+            max_unorm=1.0,
+        )
diff --git a/bitsandbytes/optim/lars.py b/bitsandbytes/optim/lars.py
index 912520d..c6cf5c6 100644
--- a/bitsandbytes/optim/lars.py
+++ b/bitsandbytes/optim/lars.py
@@ -1,43 +1,121 @@
-# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. 
-#   
-# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the 
+# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates.
+#
+# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
 # LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
 import torch
-
 from torch.optim import Optimizer
+
 from bitsandbytes.optim.optimizer import Optimizer1State
 
+
 class LARS(Optimizer1State):
-    def __init__(self, params, lr, momentum=0, dampening=0,
-                 weight_decay=0, nesterov=False, optim_bits=32, args=None,
-                 min_8bit_size=4096, percentile_clipping=100, max_unorm=0.02):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        params,
+        lr,
+        momentum=0,
+        dampening=0,
+        weight_decay=0,
+        nesterov=False,
+        optim_bits=32,
+        args=None,
+        min_8bit_size=4096,
+        percentile_clipping=100,
+        max_unorm=0.02,
+    ):
         if momentum == 0:
-            raise NotImplementedError(f'LARS without momentum is not supported!')
-        super(LARS, self).__init__('lars', params, lr, (momentum, dampening), 0.0,
-                weight_decay, optim_bits, args, min_8bit_size, percentile_clipping, max_unorm=max_unorm, block_wise=False)
+            raise NotImplementedError(f"LARS without momentum is not supported!")
+        super(LARS, self).__init__(
+            "lars",
+            params,
+            lr,
+            (momentum, dampening),
+            0.0,
+            weight_decay,
+            optim_bits,
+            args,
+            min_8bit_size,
+            percentile_clipping,
+            max_unorm=max_unorm,
+            block_wise=False,
+        )
+
 
 class LARS8bit(Optimizer1State):
-    def __init__(self, params, lr, momentum=0, dampening=0,
-                 weight_decay=0, nesterov=False, args=None,
-                 min_8bit_size=4096, percentile_clipping=100, max_unorm=0.02):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        params,
+        lr,
+        momentum=0,
+        dampening=0,
+        weight_decay=0,
+        nesterov=False,
+        args=None,
+        min_8bit_size=4096,
+        percentile_clipping=100,
+        max_unorm=0.02,
+    ):
         if momentum == 0:
-            raise NotImplementedError(f'LARS without momentum is not supported!')
-        super(LARS8bit, self).__init__('lars', params, lr, (momentum, dampening), 0.0,
-                weight_decay, 8, args, min_8bit_size, percentile_clipping, max_unorm=max_unorm, block_wise=False)
+            raise NotImplementedError(f"LARS without momentum is not supported!")
+        super(LARS8bit, self).__init__(
+            "lars",
+            params,
+            lr,
+            (momentum, dampening),
+            0.0,
+            weight_decay,
+            8,
+            args,
+            min_8bit_size,
+            percentile_clipping,
+            max_unorm=max_unorm,
+            block_wise=False,
+        )
+
 
 class LARS32bit(Optimizer1State):
-    def __init__(self, params, lr, momentum=0, dampening=0,
-                 weight_decay=0, nesterov=False, args=None,
-                 min_8bit_size=4096, percentile_clipping=100, max_unorm=0.02):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        params,
+        lr,
+        momentum=0,
+        dampening=0,
+        weight_decay=0,
+        nesterov=False,
+        args=None,
+        min_8bit_size=4096,
+        percentile_clipping=100,
+        max_unorm=0.02,
+    ):
         if momentum == 0:
-            raise NotImplementedError(f'LARS without momentum is not supported!')
-        super(LARS32bit, self).__init__('lars', params, lr, (momentum, dampening), 0.0,
-                weight_decay, 32, args, min_8bit_size, percentile_clipping, max_unorm=max_unorm, block_wise=False)
+            raise NotImplementedError(f"LARS without momentum is not supported!")
+        super(LARS32bit, self).__init__(
+            "lars",
+            params,
+            lr,
+            (momentum, dampening),
+            0.0,
+            weight_decay,
+            32,
+            args,
+            min_8bit_size,
+            percentile_clipping,
+            max_unorm=max_unorm,
+            block_wise=False,
+        )
 
 
 class PytorchLARS(Optimizer):
-    def __init__(self, params, lr=0.01, momentum=0, dampening=0,
-                 weight_decay=0, nesterov=False, max_unorm=0.02):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        params,
+        lr=0.01,
+        momentum=0,
+        dampening=0,
+        weight_decay=0,
+        nesterov=False,
+        max_unorm=0.02,
+    ):
         if lr < 0.0:
             raise ValueError("Invalid learning rate: {}".format(lr))
         if momentum < 0.0:
@@ -45,8 +123,14 @@ class PytorchLARS(Optimizer):
         if weight_decay < 0.0:
             raise ValueError("Invalid weight_decay value: {}".format(weight_decay))
 
-        defaults = dict(lr=lr, momentum=momentum, dampening=dampening,
-                        weight_decay=weight_decay, nesterov=nesterov, max_unorm=max_unorm)
+        defaults = dict(
+            lr=lr,
+            momentum=momentum,
+            dampening=dampening,
+            weight_decay=weight_decay,
+            nesterov=nesterov,
+            max_unorm=max_unorm,
+        )
         if nesterov and (momentum <= 0 or dampening != 0):
             raise ValueError("Nesterov momentum requires a momentum and zero dampening")
         super(PytorchLARS, self).__init__(params, defaults)
@@ -54,7 +138,7 @@ class PytorchLARS(Optimizer):
     def __setstate__(self, state):
         super(PytorchLARS, self).__setstate__(state)
         for group in self.param_groups:
-            group.setdefault('nesterov', False)
+            group.setdefault("nesterov", False)
 
     @torch.no_grad()
     def step(self, closure=None):
@@ -73,15 +157,16 @@ class PytorchLARS(Optimizer):
             params_with_grad = []
             d_p_list = []
             momentum_buffer_list = []
-            weight_decay = group['weight_decay']
-            momentum = group['momentum']
-            dampening = group['dampening']
-            nesterov = group['nesterov']
-            max_unorm = group['max_unorm']
-            lr = group['lr']
+            weight_decay = group["weight_decay"]
+            momentum = group["momentum"]
+            dampening = group["dampening"]
+            nesterov = group["nesterov"]
+            max_unorm = group["max_unorm"]
+            lr = group["lr"]
 
-            for p in group['params']:
-                if p.grad is None: continue
+            for p in group["params"]:
+                if p.grad is None:
+                    continue
 
                 state = self.state[p]
                 d_p = p.grad
@@ -89,16 +174,16 @@ class PytorchLARS(Optimizer):
                     d_p = d_p.add(param, alpha=weight_decay)
 
                 if momentum != 0:
-                    buf = state.get('momentum_buffer', None)
+                    buf = state.get("momentum_buffer", None)
 
                     if buf is None:
                         buf = torch.clone(d_p).detach()
-                        state['momentum_buffer']= buf
+                        state["momentum_buffer"] = buf
                     else:
                         buf.mul_(momentum).add_(d_p, alpha=1 - dampening)
 
                     if nesterov:
-                        update = d_p + buf*momentum
+                        update = d_p + buf * momentum
                     else:
                         update = buf
 
@@ -107,9 +192,9 @@ class PytorchLARS(Optimizer):
                     assert p.dtype == torch.float32
                     pnorm = torch.norm(p.detach())
                     unorm = torch.norm(update)
-                    if unorm > max_unorm*pnorm:
-                        update_scale = max_unorm*pnorm/unorm
+                    if unorm > max_unorm * pnorm:
+                        update_scale = max_unorm * pnorm / unorm
 
-                p.add_(update, alpha=-lr*update_scale)
+                p.add_(update, alpha=-lr * update_scale)
 
         return loss
diff --git a/bitsandbytes/optim/optimizer.py b/bitsandbytes/optim/optimizer.py
index 5a5bb1e..b942e34 100644
--- a/bitsandbytes/optim/optimizer.py
+++ b/bitsandbytes/optim/optimizer.py
@@ -1,13 +1,16 @@
-# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. 
-#   
-# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the 
+# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates.
+#
+# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
 # LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
+from collections import abc as container_abcs
+from collections import defaultdict
+from copy import deepcopy
+from itertools import chain
+
 import torch
+
 import bitsandbytes.functional as F
 
-from copy import deepcopy
-from itertools import chain
-from collections import defaultdict, abc as container_abcs
 
 class MockArgs(object):
     def __init__(self, initial_data):
@@ -19,7 +22,7 @@ class GlobalOptimManager(object):
     _instance = None
 
     def __init__(self):
-        raise RuntimeError('Call get_instance() instead')
+        raise RuntimeError("Call get_instance() instead")
 
     def initialize(self):
         self.pid2config = {}
@@ -38,15 +41,15 @@ class GlobalOptimManager(object):
     def register_parameters(self, params):
         param_groups = list(params)
         if not isinstance(param_groups[0], dict):
-            param_groups = [{'params': param_groups}]
+            param_groups = [{"params": param_groups}]
 
         for group_index, group in enumerate(param_groups):
-            for p_index, p in enumerate(group['params']):
+            for p_index, p in enumerate(group["params"]):
                 if id(p) in self.pid2config:
                     self.index2config[(group_index, p_index)] = self.pid2config[id(p)]
 
     def override_config(self, parameters, key=None, value=None, key_value_dict=None):
-        '''
+        """
         Overrides initial optimizer config for specific parameters.
 
         The key-values of the optimizer config for the input parameters are overidden
@@ -63,7 +66,7 @@ class GlobalOptimManager(object):
             The value for the hyperparamters.
         key_value_dict : dict
             A dictionary with multiple key-values to override.
-        '''
+        """
         self.uses_config_override = True
         if isinstance(parameters, torch.nn.Parameter):
             parameters = [parameters]
@@ -75,16 +78,16 @@ class GlobalOptimManager(object):
 
         if key_value_dict is not None:
             for p in parameters:
-                if id(p) in self.pid2config:self.pid2config[id(p)].update(key_value_dict)
-                else: self.pid2config[id(p)] = key_value_dict
+                if id(p) in self.pid2config:
+                    self.pid2config[id(p)].update(key_value_dict)
+                else:
+                    self.pid2config[id(p)] = key_value_dict
 
     def register_module_override(self, module, param_name, config):
         self.module_weight_config_triple.append((module, param_name, config))
 
 
-
 class Optimizer8bit(torch.optim.Optimizer):
-
     def __init__(self, params, defaults, optim_bits=32):
         super(Optimizer8bit, self).__init__(params, defaults)
         self.initialized = False
@@ -92,23 +95,32 @@ class Optimizer8bit(torch.optim.Optimizer):
 
         self.mng = GlobalOptimManager.get_instance()
         self.non_castable_tensor_keys = set(
-                ['qmap1', 'qmap2',
-                 'max1', 'max2',
-                 'new_max1', 'new_max2',
-                 'state1', 'state2',
-                 'gnorm_vec', 'absmax1', 'absmax2',
-                 'unorm_vec'])
-
-        if optim_bits == 8: self.fill_qmap()
+            [
+                "qmap1",
+                "qmap2",
+                "max1",
+                "max2",
+                "new_max1",
+                "new_max2",
+                "state1",
+                "state2",
+                "gnorm_vec",
+                "absmax1",
+                "absmax2",
+                "unorm_vec",
+            ]
+        )
+
+        if optim_bits == 8:
+            self.fill_qmap()
 
     def fill_qmap(self):
-        self.name2qmap['dynamic'] = F.create_dynamic_map(signed=True)
-        self.name2qmap['udynamic'] = F.create_dynamic_map(signed=False)
+        self.name2qmap["dynamic"] = F.create_dynamic_map(signed=True)
+        self.name2qmap["udynamic"] = F.create_dynamic_map(signed=False)
 
     def __setstate__(self, state):
         super(Optimizer8bit, self).__setstate__(state)
 
-
     def load_state_dict(self, state_dict):
         r"""Loads the optimizer state.
 
@@ -120,21 +132,28 @@ class Optimizer8bit(torch.optim.Optimizer):
         state_dict = deepcopy(state_dict)
         # Validate the state_dict
         groups = self.param_groups
-        saved_groups = state_dict['param_groups']
+        saved_groups = state_dict["param_groups"]
 
         if len(groups) != len(saved_groups):
-            raise ValueError("loaded state dict has a different number of "
-                             "parameter groups")
-        param_lens = (len(g['params']) for g in groups)
-        saved_lens = (len(g['params']) for g in saved_groups)
+            raise ValueError(
+                "loaded state dict has a different number of " "parameter groups"
+            )
+        param_lens = (len(g["params"]) for g in groups)
+        saved_lens = (len(g["params"]) for g in saved_groups)
         if any(p_len != s_len for p_len, s_len in zip(param_lens, saved_lens)):
-            raise ValueError("loaded state dict contains a parameter group "
-                             "that doesn't match the size of optimizer's group")
+            raise ValueError(
+                "loaded state dict contains a parameter group "
+                "that doesn't match the size of optimizer's group"
+            )
 
         # Update the state
-        id_map = {old_id: p for old_id, p in
-                  zip(chain.from_iterable((g['params'] for g in saved_groups)),
-                      chain.from_iterable((g['params'] for g in groups)))}
+        id_map = {
+            old_id: p
+            for old_id, p in zip(
+                chain.from_iterable((g["params"] for g in saved_groups)),
+                chain.from_iterable((g["params"] for g in groups)),
+            )
+        }
 
         def cast(param, value):
             r"""Make a deep copy of value, casting all tensors to device of param."""
@@ -161,7 +180,7 @@ class Optimizer8bit(torch.optim.Optimizer):
         # State that is not assigned to params is copied as is (needed for
         # backward compatibility).
         state = defaultdict(dict)
-        for k, v in state_dict['state'].items():
+        for k, v in state_dict["state"].items():
             if k in id_map:
                 param = id_map[k]
                 state[param] = cast(param, v)
@@ -170,15 +189,15 @@ class Optimizer8bit(torch.optim.Optimizer):
 
         # Update parameter groups, setting their 'params' value
         def update_group(group, new_group):
-            new_group['params'] = group['params']
+            new_group["params"] = group["params"]
             return new_group
-        param_groups = [
-            update_group(g, ng) for g, ng in zip(groups, saved_groups)]
-        self.__setstate__({'state': state, 'param_groups': param_groups})
+
+        param_groups = [update_group(g, ng) for g, ng in zip(groups, saved_groups)]
+        self.__setstate__({"state": state, "param_groups": param_groups})
 
     def to_gpu(self):
         for gindex, group in enumerate(self.param_groups):
-            for pindex, p in enumerate(group['params']):
+            for pindex, p in enumerate(group["params"]):
                 if p in self.state:
                     values = self.state[p]
                     for k, v in values.items():
@@ -189,17 +208,23 @@ class Optimizer8bit(torch.optim.Optimizer):
         for module, attr, config in self.mng.module_weight_config_triple:
             pmodule = getattr(module, attr)
             assert pmodule is not None
-            assert isinstance(pmodule, torch.Tensor) or isinstance(pmodule, torch.Parameter)
+            assert isinstance(pmodule, torch.Tensor) or isinstance(
+                pmodule, torch.Parameter
+            )
             found = False
             for gindex, group in enumerate(self.param_groups):
-                if found: break
-                for pindex, p in enumerate(group['params']):
-                    if found: break
+                if found:
+                    break
+                for pindex, p in enumerate(group["params"]):
+                    if found:
+                        break
                     if id(p) == id(pmodule):
                         # found the matching parameter
                         # init override
                         self.mng.pid2config[id(p)] = config
-                        self.mng.index2config[(gindex, pindex)] = self.mng.pid2config[id(p)]
+                        self.mng.index2config[(gindex, pindex)] = self.mng.pid2config[
+                            id(p)
+                        ]
                         found = True
 
     @torch.no_grad()
@@ -219,11 +244,11 @@ class Optimizer8bit(torch.optim.Optimizer):
 
         if not self.initialized:
             self.check_overrides()
-            self.to_gpu() # needed for fairseq pure fp16 training
+            self.to_gpu()  # needed for fairseq pure fp16 training
             self.initialized = True
 
         for gindex, group in enumerate(self.param_groups):
-            for pindex, p in enumerate(group['params']):
+            for pindex, p in enumerate(group["params"]):
                 if p.grad is None:
                     continue
                 state = self.state[p]
@@ -236,58 +261,70 @@ class Optimizer8bit(torch.optim.Optimizer):
 
     def get_config(self, gindex, pindex, group):
         config = {}
-        config['betas'] = group['betas']
-        config['eps'] = group['eps']
-        config['weight_decay'] = group['weight_decay']
-        config['lr'] = group['lr']
-        config['optim_bits'] = self.args.optim_bits
-        config['min_8bit_size'] = self.args.min_8bit_size
-        config['percentile_clipping'] = self.args.percentile_clipping
-        config['block_wise'] = self.args.block_wise
-        config['max_unorm'] = self.args.max_unorm
-        config['skip_zeros'] = self.args.skip_zeros
+        config["betas"] = group["betas"]
+        config["eps"] = group["eps"]
+        config["weight_decay"] = group["weight_decay"]
+        config["lr"] = group["lr"]
+        config["optim_bits"] = self.args.optim_bits
+        config["min_8bit_size"] = self.args.min_8bit_size
+        config["percentile_clipping"] = self.args.percentile_clipping
+        config["block_wise"] = self.args.block_wise
+        config["max_unorm"] = self.args.max_unorm
+        config["skip_zeros"] = self.args.skip_zeros
 
         if (gindex, pindex) in self.mng.index2config:
             config.update(self.mng.index2config[(gindex, pindex)])
         return config
 
     def init_state(self, group, p, gindex, pindex):
-        raise NotImplementedError(f'init_state method needs to be overidden')
+        raise NotImplementedError(f"init_state method needs to be overidden")
 
     def update_step(self, group, p, gindex, pindex):
-        raise NotImplementedError(f'The update_step method needs to be overidden')
+        raise NotImplementedError(f"The update_step method needs to be overidden")
+
 
 class Optimizer2State(Optimizer8bit):
-    def __init__(self, optimizer_name, params, lr=1e-3, betas=(0.9, 0.999), eps=1e-8,
-            weight_decay=0.0, optim_bits=32, args=None,
-            min_8bit_size=4096, percentile_clipping=100, block_wise=True, max_unorm=0.0,
-            skip_zeros=False):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        optimizer_name,
+        params,
+        lr=1e-3,
+        betas=(0.9, 0.999),
+        eps=1e-8,
+        weight_decay=0.0,
+        optim_bits=32,
+        args=None,
+        min_8bit_size=4096,
+        percentile_clipping=100,
+        block_wise=True,
+        max_unorm=0.0,
+        skip_zeros=False,
+    ):
         if not 0.0 <= lr:
             raise ValueError("Invalid learning rate: {}".format(lr))
         if not 0.0 <= eps:
             raise ValueError("Invalid epsilon value: {}".format(eps))
         if isinstance(betas, str):
             # format: '(beta1, beta2)'
-            betas = betas.replace('(', '').replace(')', '').strip().split(',')
+            betas = betas.replace("(", "").replace(")", "").strip().split(",")
             betas = [float(b) for b in betas]
         for i in range(len(betas)):
             if not 0.0 <= betas[i] < 1.0:
                 raise ValueError(f"Invalid beta parameter at index {i}: {betas[i]}")
         if not 0.0 <= weight_decay:
             raise ValueError("Invalid weight_decay value: {}".format(weight_decay))
-        defaults = dict(lr=lr, betas=betas, eps=eps,
-                        weight_decay=weight_decay)
+        defaults = dict(lr=lr, betas=betas, eps=eps, weight_decay=weight_decay)
         super(Optimizer2State, self).__init__(params, defaults, optim_bits)
 
         if args is None:
             args = {}
-            args['optim_bits'] = optim_bits
-            args['percentile_clipping'] = 100
-            args['min_8bit_size'] = min_8bit_size
-            args['percentile_clipping'] = percentile_clipping
-            args['block_wise'] = block_wise
-            args['max_unorm'] = max_unorm
-            args['skip_zeros'] = skip_zeros
+            args["optim_bits"] = optim_bits
+            args["percentile_clipping"] = 100
+            args["min_8bit_size"] = min_8bit_size
+            args["percentile_clipping"] = percentile_clipping
+            args["block_wise"] = block_wise
+            args["max_unorm"] = max_unorm
+            args["skip_zeros"] = skip_zeros
 
             self.args = MockArgs(args)
         else:
@@ -299,50 +336,83 @@ class Optimizer2State(Optimizer8bit):
     def init_state(self, group, p, gindex, pindex):
         config = self.get_config(gindex, pindex, group)
 
-        if config['optim_bits'] == 32:
+        if config["optim_bits"] == 32:
             dtype = torch.float32
-        elif config['optim_bits'] == 8:
+        elif config["optim_bits"] == 8:
             dtype = torch.uint8
-        else: raise NotImplementedError(f'Amount of optimizer bits not supported: {config["optim_bits"]}')
+        else:
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                f'Amount of optimizer bits not supported: {config["optim_bits"]}'
+            )
 
-        if p.numel() < config['min_8bit_size']: dtype = torch.float32
+        if p.numel() < config["min_8bit_size"]:
+            dtype = torch.float32
 
         state = self.state[p]
-        state['step'] = 0
+        state["step"] = 0
 
         if dtype == torch.float32 or (dtype == torch.uint8 and p.numel() < 4096):
-            state['state1'] = torch.zeros_like(p, memory_format=torch.preserve_format, dtype=torch.float32, device=p.device)
-            state['state2'] = torch.zeros_like(p, memory_format=torch.preserve_format, dtype=torch.float32, device=p.device)
+            state["state1"] = torch.zeros_like(
+                p,
+                memory_format=torch.preserve_format,
+                dtype=torch.float32,
+                device=p.device,
+            )
+            state["state2"] = torch.zeros_like(
+                p,
+                memory_format=torch.preserve_format,
+                dtype=torch.float32,
+                device=p.device,
+            )
         elif dtype == torch.uint8:
-            if state['step'] == 0:
-                if 'dynamic' not in self.name2qmap: self.fill_qmap()
-                self.name2qmap['dynamic'] = self.name2qmap['dynamic'].to(p.device)
-                self.name2qmap['udynamic'] = self.name2qmap['udynamic'].to(p.device)
-
-            state['state1'] = torch.zeros_like(p, memory_format=torch.preserve_format, dtype=torch.uint8, device=p.device)
-            state['qmap1'] = self.name2qmap['dynamic']
-
-            state['state2'] = torch.zeros_like(p, memory_format=torch.preserve_format, dtype=torch.uint8, device=p.device)
-            state['qmap2'] = self.name2qmap['udynamic']
-
-            if config['block_wise']:
+            if state["step"] == 0:
+                if "dynamic" not in self.name2qmap:
+                    self.fill_qmap()
+                self.name2qmap["dynamic"] = self.name2qmap["dynamic"].to(p.device)
+                self.name2qmap["udynamic"] = self.name2qmap["udynamic"].to(p.device)
+
+            state["state1"] = torch.zeros_like(
+                p,
+                memory_format=torch.preserve_format,
+                dtype=torch.uint8,
+                device=p.device,
+            )
+            state["qmap1"] = self.name2qmap["dynamic"]
+
+            state["state2"] = torch.zeros_like(
+                p,
+                memory_format=torch.preserve_format,
+                dtype=torch.uint8,
+                device=p.device,
+            )
+            state["qmap2"] = self.name2qmap["udynamic"]
+
+            if config["block_wise"]:
                 n = p.numel()
-                blocks = n//2048
+                blocks = n // 2048
                 blocks += 1 if n % 2048 > 0 else 0
 
-                state['absmax1'] = torch.zeros((blocks,), dtype=torch.float32, device=p.device)
-                state['absmax2'] = torch.zeros((blocks,), dtype=torch.float32, device=p.device)
+                state["absmax1"] = torch.zeros(
+                    (blocks,), dtype=torch.float32, device=p.device
+                )
+                state["absmax2"] = torch.zeros(
+                    (blocks,), dtype=torch.float32, device=p.device
+                )
             else:
-                state['max1'] = torch.zeros((1,), dtype=torch.float32, device=p.device)
-                state['new_max1'] = torch.zeros((1,), dtype=torch.float32, device=p.device)
-                state['max2'] = torch.zeros((1,), dtype=torch.float32, device=p.device)
-                state['new_max2'] = torch.zeros((1,), dtype=torch.float32, device=p.device)
+                state["max1"] = torch.zeros((1,), dtype=torch.float32, device=p.device)
+                state["new_max1"] = torch.zeros(
+                    (1,), dtype=torch.float32, device=p.device
+                )
+                state["max2"] = torch.zeros((1,), dtype=torch.float32, device=p.device)
+                state["new_max2"] = torch.zeros(
+                    (1,), dtype=torch.float32, device=p.device
+                )
 
-        if config['percentile_clipping'] < 100:
-            state['gnorm_vec'] = torch.zeros((100,), device=p.device)
+        if config["percentile_clipping"] < 100:
+            state["gnorm_vec"] = torch.zeros((100,), device=p.device)
 
-        if config['max_unorm'] > 0.0:
-            state['unorm_vec'] = torch.zeros((1,), device=p.device)
+        if config["max_unorm"] > 0.0:
+            state["unorm_vec"] = torch.zeros((1,), device=p.device)
 
     @torch.no_grad()
     def update_step(self, group, p, gindex, pindex):
@@ -351,41 +421,101 @@ class Optimizer2State(Optimizer8bit):
 
         config = self.get_config(gindex, pindex, group)
 
-        state['step'] += 1
-        step = state['step']
+        state["step"] += 1
+        step = state["step"]
 
-        if config['percentile_clipping'] < 100:
-            current_gnorm, clip_value, gnorm_scale = F.percentile_clipping(grad, state['gnorm_vec'], step, config['percentile_clipping'])
+        if config["percentile_clipping"] < 100:
+            current_gnorm, clip_value, gnorm_scale = F.percentile_clipping(
+                grad, state["gnorm_vec"], step, config["percentile_clipping"]
+            )
         else:
             gnorm_scale = 1.0
 
-        if state['state1'].dtype == torch.float:
-            F.optimizer_update_32bit(self.optimizer_name, grad, p, state['state1'], config['betas'][0], config['eps'], step, config['lr'],
-                    state['state2'], config['betas'][1], config['weight_decay'], gnorm_scale,
-                    state['unorm_vec'] if config['max_unorm'] > 0.0 else None, max_unorm=config['max_unorm'], skip_zeros=config['skip_zeros'])
-
-        elif state['state1'].dtype == torch.uint8 and not config['block_wise']:
-            F.optimizer_update_8bit(self.optimizer_name, grad, p, state['state1'], state['state2'], config['betas'][0], config['betas'][1],
-                          config['eps'],  step, config['lr'],
-                          state['qmap1'], state['qmap2'], state['max1'], state['max2'], state['new_max1'], state['new_max2'],
-                          config['weight_decay'], gnorm_scale=gnorm_scale,
-                          unorm_vec=state['unorm_vec'] if config['max_unorm'] > 0.0 else None, max_unorm=config['max_unorm'])
+        if state["state1"].dtype == torch.float:
+            F.optimizer_update_32bit(
+                self.optimizer_name,
+                grad,
+                p,
+                state["state1"],
+                config["betas"][0],
+                config["eps"],
+                step,
+                config["lr"],
+                state["state2"],
+                config["betas"][1],
+                config["weight_decay"],
+                gnorm_scale,
+                state["unorm_vec"] if config["max_unorm"] > 0.0 else None,
+                max_unorm=config["max_unorm"],
+                skip_zeros=config["skip_zeros"],
+            )
+
+        elif state["state1"].dtype == torch.uint8 and not config["block_wise"]:
+            F.optimizer_update_8bit(
+                self.optimizer_name,
+                grad,
+                p,
+                state["state1"],
+                state["state2"],
+                config["betas"][0],
+                config["betas"][1],
+                config["eps"],
+                step,
+                config["lr"],
+                state["qmap1"],
+                state["qmap2"],
+                state["max1"],
+                state["max2"],
+                state["new_max1"],
+                state["new_max2"],
+                config["weight_decay"],
+                gnorm_scale=gnorm_scale,
+                unorm_vec=state["unorm_vec"] if config["max_unorm"] > 0.0 else None,
+                max_unorm=config["max_unorm"],
+            )
 
             # swap maxes
-            state['max1'], state['new_max1'] = state['new_max1'], state['max1']
-            state['max2'], state['new_max2'] = state['new_max2'], state['max2']
-        elif state['state1'].dtype == torch.uint8 and config['block_wise']:
-            F.optimizer_update_8bit_blockwise(self.optimizer_name, grad, p, state['state1'], state['state2'], config['betas'][0], config['betas'][1],
-                          config['eps'],  step, config['lr'],
-                          state['qmap1'], state['qmap2'], state['absmax1'], state['absmax2'],
-                          config['weight_decay'], gnorm_scale=gnorm_scale, skip_zeros=config['skip_zeros'])
+            state["max1"], state["new_max1"] = state["new_max1"], state["max1"]
+            state["max2"], state["new_max2"] = state["new_max2"], state["max2"]
+        elif state["state1"].dtype == torch.uint8 and config["block_wise"]:
+            F.optimizer_update_8bit_blockwise(
+                self.optimizer_name,
+                grad,
+                p,
+                state["state1"],
+                state["state2"],
+                config["betas"][0],
+                config["betas"][1],
+                config["eps"],
+                step,
+                config["lr"],
+                state["qmap1"],
+                state["qmap2"],
+                state["absmax1"],
+                state["absmax2"],
+                config["weight_decay"],
+                gnorm_scale=gnorm_scale,
+                skip_zeros=config["skip_zeros"],
+            )
 
 
 class Optimizer1State(Optimizer8bit):
-    def __init__(self, optimizer_name, params, lr=1e-3, betas=(0.9, 0.0), eps=1e-8,
-            weight_decay=0.0, optim_bits=32, args=None,
-            min_8bit_size=4096, percentile_clipping=100, block_wise=True, max_unorm=0.0,
-            skip_zeros=False):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        optimizer_name,
+        params,
+        lr=1e-3,
+        betas=(0.9, 0.0),
+        eps=1e-8,
+        weight_decay=0.0,
+        optim_bits=32,
+        args=None,
+        min_8bit_size=4096,
+        percentile_clipping=100,
+        block_wise=True,
+        max_unorm=0.0,
+        skip_zeros=False,
+    ):
         if not 0.0 <= lr:
             raise ValueError("Invalid learning rate: {}".format(lr))
         if not 0.0 <= eps:
@@ -395,19 +525,18 @@ class Optimizer1State(Optimizer8bit):
                 raise ValueError(f"Invalid beta parameter at index {i}: {betas[i]}")
         if not 0.0 <= weight_decay:
             raise ValueError("Invalid weight_decay value: {}".format(weight_decay))
-        defaults = dict(lr=lr, betas=betas, eps=eps,
-                        weight_decay=weight_decay)
+        defaults = dict(lr=lr, betas=betas, eps=eps, weight_decay=weight_decay)
         super(Optimizer1State, self).__init__(params, defaults, optim_bits)
 
         if args is None:
             args = {}
-            args['optim_bits'] = optim_bits
-            args['percentile_clipping'] = 100
-            args['min_8bit_size'] = min_8bit_size
-            args['percentile_clipping'] = percentile_clipping
-            args['block_wise'] = block_wise
-            args['max_unorm'] = max_unorm
-            args['skip_zeros'] = skip_zeros
+            args["optim_bits"] = optim_bits
+            args["percentile_clipping"] = 100
+            args["min_8bit_size"] = min_8bit_size
+            args["percentile_clipping"] = percentile_clipping
+            args["block_wise"] = block_wise
+            args["max_unorm"] = max_unorm
+            args["skip_zeros"] = skip_zeros
 
             self.args = MockArgs(args)
         else:
@@ -419,43 +548,61 @@ class Optimizer1State(Optimizer8bit):
     def init_state(self, group, p, gindex, pindex):
         config = self.get_config(gindex, pindex, group)
 
-        if config['optim_bits'] == 32:
+        if config["optim_bits"] == 32:
             dtype = torch.float32
-        elif config['optim_bits'] == 8:
+        elif config["optim_bits"] == 8:
             dtype = torch.uint8
-        else: raise NotImplementedError(f'Amount of optimizer bits not supported: {config["optim_bits"]}')
+        else:
+            raise NotImplementedError(
+                f'Amount of optimizer bits not supported: {config["optim_bits"]}'
+            )
 
-        if p.numel() < config['min_8bit_size']: dtype = torch.float32
+        if p.numel() < config["min_8bit_size"]:
+            dtype = torch.float32
 
         state = self.state[p]
-        state['step'] = 0
+        state["step"] = 0
 
         if dtype == torch.float32 or (dtype == torch.uint8 and p.numel() < 4096):
-            state['state1'] = torch.zeros_like(p, memory_format=torch.preserve_format, dtype=torch.float32, device=p.device)
+            state["state1"] = torch.zeros_like(
+                p,
+                memory_format=torch.preserve_format,
+                dtype=torch.float32,
+                device=p.device,
+            )
         elif dtype == torch.uint8:
-            if state['step'] == 0:
-                if 'dynamic' not in self.name2qmap: self.fill_qmap()
-                self.name2qmap['dynamic'] = self.name2qmap['dynamic'].to(p.device)
-
-            state['state1'] = torch.zeros_like(p, memory_format=torch.preserve_format, dtype=torch.uint8, device=p.device)
-            state['qmap1'] = self.name2qmap['dynamic']
-
-            if config['block_wise']:
+            if state["step"] == 0:
+                if "dynamic" not in self.name2qmap:
+                    self.fill_qmap()
+                self.name2qmap["dynamic"] = self.name2qmap["dynamic"].to(p.device)
+
+            state["state1"] = torch.zeros_like(
+                p,
+                memory_format=torch.preserve_format,
+                dtype=torch.uint8,
+                device=p.device,
+            )
+            state["qmap1"] = self.name2qmap["dynamic"]
+
+            if config["block_wise"]:
                 n = p.numel()
-                blocks = n//2048
+                blocks = n // 2048
                 blocks += 1 if n % 2048 > 0 else 0
 
-                state['absmax1'] = torch.zeros((blocks,), dtype=torch.float32, device=p.device)
+                state["absmax1"] = torch.zeros(
+                    (blocks,), dtype=torch.float32, device=p.device
+                )
             else:
-                state['max1'] = torch.zeros((1,), dtype=torch.float32, device=p.device)
-                state['new_max1'] = torch.zeros((1,), dtype=torch.float32, device=p.device)
-
-        if config['percentile_clipping'] < 100:
-            state['gnorm_vec'] = torch.zeros((100,), device=p.device)
+                state["max1"] = torch.zeros((1,), dtype=torch.float32, device=p.device)
+                state["new_max1"] = torch.zeros(
+                    (1,), dtype=torch.float32, device=p.device
+                )
 
-        if config['max_unorm'] > 0.0:
-            state['unorm_vec'] = torch.zeros((1,), device=p.device)
+        if config["percentile_clipping"] < 100:
+            state["gnorm_vec"] = torch.zeros((100,), device=p.device)
 
+        if config["max_unorm"] > 0.0:
+            state["unorm_vec"] = torch.zeros((1,), device=p.device)
 
     @torch.no_grad()
     def update_step(self, group, p, gindex, pindex):
@@ -464,29 +611,77 @@ class Optimizer1State(Optimizer8bit):
 
         config = self.get_config(gindex, pindex, group)
 
-        state['step'] += 1
-        step = state['step']
+        state["step"] += 1
+        step = state["step"]
 
-        if config['percentile_clipping'] < 100:
-            current_gnorm, clip_value, gnorm_scale = F.percentile_clipping(grad, state['gnorm_vec'], step, config['percentile_clipping'])
+        if config["percentile_clipping"] < 100:
+            current_gnorm, clip_value, gnorm_scale = F.percentile_clipping(
+                grad, state["gnorm_vec"], step, config["percentile_clipping"]
+            )
         else:
             gnorm_scale = 1.0
 
-        if state['state1'].dtype == torch.float:
-            F.optimizer_update_32bit(self.optimizer_name, grad, p, state['state1'], config['betas'][0], config['eps'], step, config['lr'],
-                    None, 0.0, config['weight_decay'], gnorm_scale,
-                    state['unorm_vec'] if config['max_unorm'] > 0.0 else None, max_unorm=config['max_unorm'],
-                    skip_zeros=config['skip_zeros'])
-
-        elif state['state1'].dtype == torch.uint8 and not config['block_wise']:
-            F.optimizer_update_8bit(self.optimizer_name, grad, p, state['state1'], None, config['betas'][0], config['betas'][1],
-                    config['eps'], step, config['lr'], state['qmap1'], None, state['max1'], None, state['new_max1'], None,
-                    config['weight_decay'], gnorm_scale,
-                    state['unorm_vec'] if config['max_unorm'] > 0.0 else None, max_unorm=config['max_unorm'])
-
-            state['max1'], state['new_max1'] = state['new_max1'], state['max1']
-        elif state['state1'].dtype == torch.uint8 and config['block_wise']:
-            F.optimizer_update_8bit_blockwise(self.optimizer_name, grad, p, state['state1'], None, config['betas'][0], config['betas'][1],
-                          config['eps'],  step, config['lr'],
-                          state['qmap1'], None, state['absmax1'], None,
-                          config['weight_decay'], gnorm_scale=gnorm_scale, skip_zeros=config['skip_zeros'])
+        if state["state1"].dtype == torch.float:
+            F.optimizer_update_32bit(
+                self.optimizer_name,
+                grad,
+                p,
+                state["state1"],
+                config["betas"][0],
+                config["eps"],
+                step,
+                config["lr"],
+                None,
+                0.0,
+                config["weight_decay"],
+                gnorm_scale,
+                state["unorm_vec"] if config["max_unorm"] > 0.0 else None,
+                max_unorm=config["max_unorm"],
+                skip_zeros=config["skip_zeros"],
+            )
+
+        elif state["state1"].dtype == torch.uint8 and not config["block_wise"]:
+            F.optimizer_update_8bit(
+                self.optimizer_name,
+                grad,
+                p,
+                state["state1"],
+                None,
+                config["betas"][0],
+                config["betas"][1],
+                config["eps"],
+                step,
+                config["lr"],
+                state["qmap1"],
+                None,
+                state["max1"],
+                None,
+                state["new_max1"],
+                None,
+                config["weight_decay"],
+                gnorm_scale,
+                state["unorm_vec"] if config["max_unorm"] > 0.0 else None,
+                max_unorm=config["max_unorm"],
+            )
+
+            state["max1"], state["new_max1"] = state["new_max1"], state["max1"]
+        elif state["state1"].dtype == torch.uint8 and config["block_wise"]:
+            F.optimizer_update_8bit_blockwise(
+                self.optimizer_name,
+                grad,
+                p,
+                state["state1"],
+                None,
+                config["betas"][0],
+                config["betas"][1],
+                config["eps"],
+                step,
+                config["lr"],
+                state["qmap1"],
+                None,
+                state["absmax1"],
+                None,
+                config["weight_decay"],
+                gnorm_scale=gnorm_scale,
+                skip_zeros=config["skip_zeros"],
+            )
diff --git a/bitsandbytes/optim/rmsprop.py b/bitsandbytes/optim/rmsprop.py
index 0f1ffaa..679f783 100644
--- a/bitsandbytes/optim/rmsprop.py
+++ b/bitsandbytes/optim/rmsprop.py
@@ -1,36 +1,109 @@
-# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. 
-#   
-# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the 
+# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates.
+#
+# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
 # LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
 from bitsandbytes.optim.optimizer import Optimizer1State
 
+
 class RMSprop(Optimizer1State):
-    def __init__(self, params, lr=1e-2, alpha=0.99, eps=1e-8, weight_decay=0, momentum=0, centered=False, optim_bits=32, args=None,
-            min_8bit_size=4096, percentile_clipping=100, block_wise=True):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        params,
+        lr=1e-2,
+        alpha=0.99,
+        eps=1e-8,
+        weight_decay=0,
+        momentum=0,
+        centered=False,
+        optim_bits=32,
+        args=None,
+        min_8bit_size=4096,
+        percentile_clipping=100,
+        block_wise=True,
+    ):
         if alpha == 0:
-            raise NotImplementedError(f'RMSprop with alpha==0.0 is not supported!')
+            raise NotImplementedError(f"RMSprop with alpha==0.0 is not supported!")
         if centered:
-            raise NotImplementedError(f'Centered RMSprop is not supported!')
-        super(RMSprop, self).__init__('rmsprop', params, lr, (alpha, momentum), eps,
-                weight_decay, optim_bits, args, min_8bit_size, percentile_clipping, block_wise)
+            raise NotImplementedError(f"Centered RMSprop is not supported!")
+        super(RMSprop, self).__init__(
+            "rmsprop",
+            params,
+            lr,
+            (alpha, momentum),
+            eps,
+            weight_decay,
+            optim_bits,
+            args,
+            min_8bit_size,
+            percentile_clipping,
+            block_wise,
+        )
+
 
 class RMSprop8bit(Optimizer1State):
-    def __init__(self, params, lr=1e-2, alpha=0.99, eps=1e-8, weight_decay=0, momentum=0, centered=False, args=None,
-            min_8bit_size=4096, percentile_clipping=100, block_wise=True):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        params,
+        lr=1e-2,
+        alpha=0.99,
+        eps=1e-8,
+        weight_decay=0,
+        momentum=0,
+        centered=False,
+        args=None,
+        min_8bit_size=4096,
+        percentile_clipping=100,
+        block_wise=True,
+    ):
         if alpha == 0:
-            raise NotImplementedError(f'RMSprop with alpha==0.0 is not supported!')
+            raise NotImplementedError(f"RMSprop with alpha==0.0 is not supported!")
         if centered:
-            raise NotImplementedError(f'Centered RMSprop is not supported!')
-        super(RMSprop8bit, self).__init__('rmsprop', params, lr, (alpha, momentum), eps,
-                weight_decay, 8, args, min_8bit_size, percentile_clipping, block_wise)
+            raise NotImplementedError(f"Centered RMSprop is not supported!")
+        super(RMSprop8bit, self).__init__(
+            "rmsprop",
+            params,
+            lr,
+            (alpha, momentum),
+            eps,
+            weight_decay,
+            8,
+            args,
+            min_8bit_size,
+            percentile_clipping,
+            block_wise,
+        )
+
 
 class RMSprop32bit(Optimizer1State):
-    def __init__(self, params, lr=1e-2, alpha=0.99, eps=1e-8, weight_decay=0, momentum=0, centered=False, args=None,
-            min_8bit_size=4096, percentile_clipping=100, block_wise=True):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        params,
+        lr=1e-2,
+        alpha=0.99,
+        eps=1e-8,
+        weight_decay=0,
+        momentum=0,
+        centered=False,
+        args=None,
+        min_8bit_size=4096,
+        percentile_clipping=100,
+        block_wise=True,
+    ):
 
         if alpha == 0:
-            raise NotImplementedError(f'RMSprop with alpha==0.0 is not supported!')
+            raise NotImplementedError(f"RMSprop with alpha==0.0 is not supported!")
         if centered:
-            raise NotImplementedError(f'Centered RMSprop is not supported!')
-        super(RMSprop32bit, self).__init__('rmsprop', params, lr, (alpha, momentum), eps,
-                weight_decay, 32, args, min_8bit_size, percentile_clipping, block_wise)
+            raise NotImplementedError(f"Centered RMSprop is not supported!")
+        super(RMSprop32bit, self).__init__(
+            "rmsprop",
+            params,
+            lr,
+            (alpha, momentum),
+            eps,
+            weight_decay,
+            32,
+            args,
+            min_8bit_size,
+            percentile_clipping,
+            block_wise,
+        )
diff --git a/bitsandbytes/optim/sgd.py b/bitsandbytes/optim/sgd.py
index 0529879..f7b8934 100644
--- a/bitsandbytes/optim/sgd.py
+++ b/bitsandbytes/optim/sgd.py
@@ -1,32 +1,99 @@
-# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates. 
-#   
-# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the 
+# Copyright (c) Facebook, Inc. and its affiliates.
+#
+# This source code is licensed under the MIT license found in the
 # LICENSE file in the root directory of this source tree.
 from bitsandbytes.optim.optimizer import Optimizer1State
 
+
 class SGD(Optimizer1State):
-    def __init__(self, params, lr, momentum=0, dampening=0,
-                 weight_decay=0, nesterov=False, optim_bits=32, args=None,
-            min_8bit_size=4096, percentile_clipping=100, block_wise=True):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        params,
+        lr,
+        momentum=0,
+        dampening=0,
+        weight_decay=0,
+        nesterov=False,
+        optim_bits=32,
+        args=None,
+        min_8bit_size=4096,
+        percentile_clipping=100,
+        block_wise=True,
+    ):
         if momentum == 0:
-            raise NotImplementedError(f'SGD without momentum is not supported!')
-        super(SGD, self).__init__('momentum', params, lr, (momentum, dampening), 0.0,
-                weight_decay, optim_bits, args, min_8bit_size, percentile_clipping, block_wise)
+            raise NotImplementedError(f"SGD without momentum is not supported!")
+        super(SGD, self).__init__(
+            "momentum",
+            params,
+            lr,
+            (momentum, dampening),
+            0.0,
+            weight_decay,
+            optim_bits,
+            args,
+            min_8bit_size,
+            percentile_clipping,
+            block_wise,
+        )
+
 
 class SGD8bit(Optimizer1State):
-    def __init__(self, params, lr, momentum=0, dampening=0,
-                 weight_decay=0, nesterov=False, args=None,
-            min_8bit_size=4096, percentile_clipping=100, block_wise=True):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        params,
+        lr,
+        momentum=0,
+        dampening=0,
+        weight_decay=0,
+        nesterov=False,
+        args=None,
+        min_8bit_size=4096,
+        percentile_clipping=100,
+        block_wise=True,
+    ):
         if momentum == 0:
-            raise NotImplementedError(f'SGD without momentum is not supported!')
-        super(SGD8bit, self).__init__('momentum', params, lr, (momentum, dampening), 0.0,
-                weight_decay, 8, args, min_8bit_size, percentile_clipping, block_wise)
+            raise NotImplementedError(f"SGD without momentum is not supported!")
+        super(SGD8bit, self).__init__(
+            "momentum",
+            params,
+            lr,
+            (momentum, dampening),
+            0.0,
+            weight_decay,
+            8,
+            args,
+            min_8bit_size,
+            percentile_clipping,
+            block_wise,
+        )
+
 
 class SGD32bit(Optimizer1State):
-    def __init__(self, params, lr, momentum=0, dampening=0,
-                 weight_decay=0, nesterov=False, args=None,
-            min_8bit_size=4096, percentile_clipping=100, block_wise=True):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        params,
+        lr,
+        momentum=0,
+        dampening=0,
+        weight_decay=0,
+        nesterov=False,
+        args=None,
+        min_8bit_size=4096,
+        percentile_clipping=100,
+        block_wise=True,
+    ):
         if momentum == 0:
-            raise NotImplementedError(f'SGD without momentum is not supported!')
-        super(SGD32bit, self).__init__('momentum', params, lr, (momentum, dampening), 0.0,
-                weight_decay, 32, args, min_8bit_size, percentile_clipping, block_wise)
+            raise NotImplementedError(f"SGD without momentum is not supported!")
+        super(SGD32bit, self).__init__(
+            "momentum",
+            params,
+            lr,
+            (momentum, dampening),
+            0.0,
+            weight_decay,
+            32,
+            args,
+            min_8bit_size,
+            percentile_clipping,
+            block_wise,
+        )
diff --git a/bitsandbytes/utils.py b/bitsandbytes/utils.py
index a9eddf9..29b9c90 100644
--- a/bitsandbytes/utils.py
+++ b/bitsandbytes/utils.py
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 import sys
 
+
 def print_err(s: str) -> None:
     print(s, file=sys.stderr)
 
+
 def warn_of_missing_prerequisite(s: str) -> None:
-    print_err('WARNING, missing pre-requisite: ' + s)
+    print_err("WARNING, missing pre-requisite: " + s)